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| 8454921457 | two | How many daughter cells are produced in mitosis? | 0 | |
| 8454921458 | genome | -consists of all the DNA in a cell -holds specific genetic traits | 1 | |
| 8454921459 | chromosomes | -packages in a cell which contain DNA molecules -humans have 46 -each species has a specific number |  | 2 |
| 8454921460 | chromatin | -makes up chromosomes -complex of DNA and protein |  | 3 |
| 8454921461 | somatic cells | -have two sets of chromosomes -go through mitosis -nonreproductive | 4 | |
| 8454921462 | gametes | -have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells -go through meiosis -reproductive cells | 5 | |
| 8454921463 | sister chromatids | -each duplicated chromosome has two -separate during cell division |  | 6 |
| 8454921464 | centromere | -narrow waist of the duplicated chromosome -where the two chromatids are most closely attached |  | 7 |
| 8454921465 | cytokinesis | -division of the cytoplasm | 8 | |
| 8454921466 | interphase | -where 90% of a cell's life is spent -cell growing and chromosomes coping -3 subphases: -G1 -Synthesis -G2 -cell is growing | 9 | |
| 8454921467 | G2 | In which subphase of interphase are the chromosomes duplicated? | 10 | |
| 8454921468 | prophase | -first stage of mitosis -spindle fibers start to forms -nucleus thins -sister chromatids combine to make chromosomes |  | 11 |
| 8454921469 | prometaphase | -second stage of mitosis -the nuclear envelope fragments -the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes |  | 12 |
| 8454921470 | metaphase | -third phase of mitosis -chromosomes line up in the center of the cell -spindle fibers attach to the kinetochores of each sister chromatid |  | 13 |
| 8454921471 | anaphase | -fourth phase of mitosis -sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell |  | 14 |
| 8454921472 | telophase | -fifth and final stage of mitosis -genetically identical daughter nuclei form at opposite ends of the cell -nonkinetochore microtubules from opposite poles overlap and push each other elongating the cell |  | 15 |
| 8454921473 | mitotic spindle | -apparatus of microtubules that control chromosome movement during mitosis |  | 16 |
| 8454921474 | centrosome | -microtubule organizing center -replicates, each set goes to opposite ends -spindle fibers grow out from them |  | 17 |
| 8454921475 | kinetochores | -protein complexes that assemble on sections of DNA at centromeres -where spindle fibers and microtubules attach |  | 18 |
| 8454921476 | metaphase plate | -midway point between the spindles two poles -where chromosomes line up in metaphase |  | 19 |
| 8454921477 | cleavage furrow | -formed during late telophase and cytokinesis |  | 20 |
| 8454921478 | cell plate | forms in plant cells during cytokinesis |  | 21 |
| 8454921479 | binary fission | -prokaryotic method of reproduction and cell division -chromosome replicates and the two daughter chromosomes actively more apart |  | 22 |
| 8454921480 | cell cycle control system | -directs sequential event of the cell cycle -regulated by internal and external force -receives signals from the cytoplasm |  | 23 |
| 8454921481 | checkpoints | -where the cell cycle stops until a go ahead signal is received -G1 is the most important for many cells |  | 24 |
| 8454921482 | G0 | -the nondividing stage of the cell if it does not pass the G1 checkpoint | 25 | |
| 8454921483 | growth factors | proteins released by certain cells that stimulate other cells to divide | 26 | |
| 8454921484 | density dependent inhibition | crowded cells stop dividing | 27 | |
| 8454921485 | cancer cells | -cells that exhibit neither density dependent inhibition nor anchorage dependence -escape the usual control system -do not need growth factors to divide | 28 | |
| 8454921486 | tumors | -masses of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue -formed by cancer cells | 29 | |
| 8454921487 | benign tumor | -lump of abnormal cells remaining only at the original site of the cancer | 30 | |
| 8454921488 | malignant tumor | invade surrounding tissue | 31 | |
| 8454921489 | metastasize | exporting cancer cells to other parts of the body, where they may form secondary tumors | 32 | |
| 8454921490 | 46 | What is the chromosome number for humans? | 33 | |
| 8454921491 | homologous chromosomes | -2 chromosomes in each pair -same length and shape -carry genes controlling the same inherited characters |  | 34 |
| 8454921492 | diploid cell | -has two sets of chromosomes -human # is 46 -2n |  | 35 |
| 8454921493 | haploid | -gamete -contains a single set of chromosomes -n | 36 | |
| 8454921494 | fertilization | the union of gametes (sperm and egg) | 37 | |
| 8454921495 | zygote | -fertilized egg -one set of chromosomes from each parent -diploid cell produces somatic cells by mitosis | 38 | |
| 8454921496 | prophase I | -occupies more than 90% of the time required for meiosis -chromosomes condense -synapse and crossing over -tetrads and chiasmata | 39 | |
| 8454921497 | synapsis | -homologous chromosomes loosely pair up -align gene by gene -get together with homologous pair | 40 | |
| 8454921498 | crossing over | nonsister chromatids exchange DNA segments |  | 41 |
| 8454921499 | metaphase I | homologous pairs line up in the middles of the cell and the spindle fibers attach to them |  | 42 |
| 8454921500 | anaphase I | -chromosomes move toward each pole -sister chromatids move as one unit toward the pole |  | 43 |
| 8454921501 | telophase I | -beginning: each half of the cell has a haploid set of chromosomes -each chromosome consists of two sister chromatids |  | 44 |
| 8454921502 | prophase II | spindle apparatus forms |  | 45 |
| 8454921503 | metaphase II | -because of crossing over the sister chromatids are no longer genetically identical -kinetochores of sister chromosomes attach to microtubules extending from opposite poles |  | 46 |
| 8454921504 | anaphase II | -sister chromatids of each chromosome move as two newly individual chromosomes toward opposite poles |  | 47 |
| 8454921505 | telophase II | -chromosomes arrive at opposite poles -nuclei form and the chromosomes begin decondensing |  | 48 |
| 8454921506 | independent assortment of chromosomes | -mechanism contributing to genetic variation -homologous pairs of chromosomes orient randomly -metaphase I -each pair of chromosomes sorts maternal and paternal homologs into daughter cells independently of the other pairs -the number of combinations possible when chromosomes assort independently into gametes is 2^n where n is the haploid number |  | 49 |
| 8454921507 | crossing over | -mechanism contributing to genetic variation -produces recombinant chromosomes -begins in early prophase I -homologous chromosomes pair up gene by gene -homologue portions of two nonsister chromatids trade places -combines DNA from two parents into a single chromosome |  | 50 |
| 8454921508 | random fertilization | -any sperm can fuse with any ovum -the fusion of two gametes produces a zygote with any of about 70 trillion diploid combinations -each zygote has a unique genetic identity |  | 51 |
