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AP Biology Mitosis/Meiosis Flashcards

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13110312339Mitosisin eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes0
13110312340Meiosiscell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms1
13110312341cytokinesisdivision of the cytoplasm of a cell following mitosis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells2
13110312342chromatinthe complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.3
13110312343sister chromatidsreplicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II.4
13110312344centromerea specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape5
13110312345cell cycleseries of events that cells go through as they grow and divide6
13110312346interphasethe period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions; split into G1, S, G27
13110312347centriolesLocated near the nucleus and help to organize cell division; found only in animal cells8
13110312348nucleolidense masses of RNA and protein that manufacture ribosomes, several of these are located in the nucleus.9
13110312349prophasefirst and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus10
13110312350metaphasesecond phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell11
13110312351anaphasethe third phase of mitosis, during which sister chromatids separate and move toward opposite poles12
13110312352Telophasethe final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes13
13110312353cell platea double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis.14
13110312354cleavage furrowpinching of the cell ("drawstring"): develops in animal cells only15
13110312355Meiosis IIthe second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two16
13110312356prophase IThe first phase of meiosis I. the replicated chromosomes condense, homologous chromsomes pair up, crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes, the spindle is formed, and the nuclear envelope breaks apart into vesicles. the longest phase of meiosis.17
13110312357anaphase IThe third phase of meiosis I. the replicated homologous chromosomes are separated (the tetrad is split) and pulled to opposite sides of the cell.18
13110312358metaphase IThe second phase of meiosis I. the paired homologous chromsomes (tetrads) align at the center of the cell (the metaphase plate).19
13110312359telophase IThe fourth of meiosis I. the number of chromosoms is now reduced by half. After this phase the cell is considered to be haploid. Note however, that the chromosomes are still replicated, and the sister chromatids must still be separated during meiosis II.20
13110312360prophase IIThe first phase of meiosis II. identical to the mitotic step, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I.21
13110312361metaphase IIThe second phase of meiosis II. identical to the mitotic step, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I.22
13110312362anaphase IIThe third phase of meiosis II. the sister chromatids are finally separated at their centromeres and pulled to opposite sides of the cell. identical to mitotic anaphase, except the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I.23
13110312363telophase IIThe fourth and final phase of meiosis II. the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis. I.24
13110312364haploid (n)term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes25
13110312365diploid (2n)an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number26
13110312366synapsisthe side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis27
13110312367tetradsthe paired chromosomes consisting of four chromatids28
13110312368crossing overthe interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis29
13110312369somatic cellsany cell other than a gamete; in humans, has 46 chromosomes; body cells30
13110312370gametessex cells; eggs and sperm; haploid; 23 chromosomes in humans31
13110312371zygotea fertilized egg (diploid)32
13110312372Cyclin Dependent Kinasescdk enzymes activate or inhibit proteins by phosphorylation to regulate cell cycle33
13110312373growth factorsexternal factors that stimulate the cell to divide34
13110312374Density Dependent InhibitionThe phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another35
13110312375Anchorage Dependencethe requirement that to divide, a cell must be attached to a solid surface36
13110312376Law of SegregationMendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete37
13110312377Law of Independent Assortmentstates that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes38
13110312378Nondisjunctionerror in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes don't separate; gametes end up with wrong number of chromosomes39
13110312379homologous chromosomeschromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis40
13110312380Autosomesnon-sex chromosomes41
13110312381Down Syndromea congenital disorder caused by having an extra 21st chromosome42

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