Terms : Hide Images
| 412106821 | Histology | the study of tissues | |
| 412106822 | Cellular Hierarchy | Cell>Tissue>Organ>System | |
| 412106823 | Connective Tissue | connects, cell in a matrix | |
| 412106824 | Matrix | that which surrounds the cells of a tissue | |
| 412106826 | Transcription | Makes messenger RNA (mRNA) from DNA | |
| 412106827 | Translation | Makes proteins from mRNA | |
| 412106828 | Codon | triplet of nitrogenous bases (A, T, G, C) | |
| 412106829 | Stop Codon | UAA, UGA, UAG | |
| 412106830 | Start Codon | AUG (august starts school) | |
| 412106831 | RNA polymerase | (5-->3) Allows RNA to be transcripted (no primer) | |
| 412106832 | Promoter | RNA polymerase attachment site (TATA box) | |
| 412106833 | Terminator | Stops transcription | |
| 412106834 | Primary transcript | Raw, unmodified mRNA, unprocessed. | |
| 412106839 | "Cap" | 5 end, Guanosine-triphosphate | |
| 412106840 | "Tail" | 3 end, Poly A tail | |
| 412106841 | Translation | Making protein 5-3 direction (Methayenine) | |
| 412106842 | tRNA | Transfer RNA, about 75-85 nucleotides long, Job: carries amino acids | |
| 412106843 | Anti-codon | Reads a codon (compliments) | |
| 412106845 | EPA | tRNA binding sites | |
| 412106847 | Mutations | Point mutations and Chromosomal mutations | |
| 412106848 | Point Mutations | Substitutions/Instertions/Deletions | |
| 412106849 | Viruses and Bacteria | Not alive, can't reproduce itself, particles | |
| 412106852 | Protist | Intracellular digestion | |
| 412106854 | Viral Capsids | Protein coats (Hershey and Chase) | |
| 412106855 | Glycoprotein spikes | Lock and key recognition | |
| 412106856 | Capsid shapes | Sphere, polyhedral (hexagon-ish), rod (plants), polyhedral with tail (bacteria/bacteriophages) | |
| 412106857 | Envelope | Little bit of the host's cell membrane--disguises it from white blood cells; "wolf in sheep's clothing" | |
| 412106858 | Bacteriophage | Viruses that infect bacteria, "bacteria eater" | |
| 412106859 | T phages | Bacteriophages that infect E.coli | |
| 412106860 | Prophage | Result of Lysogenic Cycle, not a bacteriophage, just it's DNA, reserves right to go "Lytic" | |
| 412106861 | Restriction Enzymes | Bacterial enzymes that destroy incoming phage DNA (not in humans, we have an immune system) | |
| 412106865 | RNA Viruses | Makes DNA from RNA! | |
| 412106866 | Reverse Transcriptase | RNA>DNA>mRNA | |
| 412106867 | Vaccine | Crippled pathogen, injected to stimulate your white blood cells (Edward Jenner) | |
| 412106868 | Viroids | "Naked" virus, no capsid, just a bare molecule of RNA | |
| 412106870 | Origin of Viruses | Barbara McClintock, "Jumping Genes", Transposons | |
| 412106871 | Transposons/"Jumping Genes" | Can leave the body, wanders around, then inserts in cell, has the key forever. | |
| 412106872 | Bacterial Genome | One, circular, double-stranded DNA chromosome; no introns/all exons, and MAYBE a plasmid | |
| 412106873 | Plasmid | Accessory chromosome, very small, circular, two types. | |
| 412106874 | R plasmid | Antiobiotic resistance genes (bad) | |
| 412106876 | Sources of Variation | Mutation and Recombination | |
| 412106877 | Transformation | Collecting external DNA | |
| 412106878 | Transduction | The accidental phage delivery of a gene | |
| 412106879 | Conjugation | Delivery of DNA by sex pili (F plasmid) | |
| 412106880 | Operons | Bacterial Gene clusters | |
| 412106889 | Chlorophyll | Green Pigment Main photosynthetic pigmnet Absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths | |
| 412106890 | Mesophyll | primary site for photosynthesis the tissue in the interior of a leaf | |
| 412106891 | Stomata | CO2 enters and O2 exits through these pores Bottom of a leaf | |
| 412106892 | Vascular Tissue | veins which transport water from the roots and sugar from leaves to nonphotosynthesis parts of the plant. | |
| 412106893 | Stroma | dense fluid within chloroplast | |
| 412106894 | Thylakoids | dense interconnected membranous sacs | |
| 412106895 | Thylakoid Space | interior of a thylakoid | |
| 412106896 | Thylakoid lumen | interior of a thylakoid | |
| 412106897 | Grana | stacks of thylakoid | |
| 412106898 | Granum | singular of grana | |
| 412106899 | Chloroplast | sites of photosynthesis | |
| 412106900 | Photosynthesis | conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules | |
| 412106902 | Carbon Dioxide | source of carbon and is considered inorganic carbon | |
| 412106903 | Electromagnetic Spectrum | Electromagnetic Energy which travels in waves | |
| 412106904 | Photons | discrete particles, which is light and have a fixed quantity of energy | |
| 412106905 | Visible Light | Light we can see, which also drives photosynthesis | |
| 412106906 | Wavelength | Length of one wave | |
| 412106907 | Frequency | How frequently waves occur | |
| 412106908 | Colors | Light we see is reflected off objects and light we dont see is absorbed by objects | |
| 412106909 | Long Wavelengths | Lower frequency and less energetic | |
| 412106910 | Short Wavelengths | High Frequency and more energetic | |
| 412106911 | White | All colors reflected | |
| 412106912 | Black | All colors absorbed | |
| 412106913 | Spectrophotometer | Used to measure a pigments ability to absorb light | |
| 412106914 | Absorption Spectrum | Measured on a spectrophotometer, shows the ability of a pigment to absorb various wavelengths of light | |
| 412106915 | Chlorophyll a | main photosynthetic green pigment, absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths | |
| 412106916 | Pigment | a molecule that absorbs wavelengths in the visible light spectrum | |
| 412106917 | Accessory Pigment | Absorbs intermediate wavelengths in the visible region of the spectrum | |
| 412106918 | Chlorophyll b | An accessory pigment that absorbs slightly different wavelengths than chlorophyll a | |
| 412106919 | Carotenoid | absorbs blue and blue-green wavelengths Beta-Carotene | |
| 412106920 | Light Reactions | Occur in thylakoid membrane and are also called light dependent reactions | |
| 412106921 | Photophosphorylation | Light is captured by pigments and used to convert ADP + Pi into ATP | |
| 412106922 | Photosystem | Consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes | |
| 412106923 | Light-Harvesting Complex | Contains chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids | |
| 412106924 | Primary Electron Acceptor | Converts light to chemical energy | |
| 412106925 | Photosystem 1 | Has P700 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex | |
| 412106926 | Photosystem 2 | Has P680 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex | |
| 412106927 | Linear (non-cyclic) Electron | A flow that transfers light energy and produces NADPH + H and ATP Uses both PS 1 and 2 Takes place in thylakoid membrane | |
| 412106928 | Photolysis | Water is split by a manganese-containing enzyme Splitting using light | |
| 412106929 | Cytochrome | Iron-containing carrier protein also found in mitochondrial electron transport | |
| 412106931 | Lumen | Thylakoid Space | |
| 412106932 | Calvin Cycle | Dark Reactions Light-Independent reactions Occurs in stoma, does not use light directly | |
| 412106933 | Carbon Fixation | Takes CO2 which is inorganic and turning it organic substance | |
| 412106934 | Rubisco | The most abundant protein on Earth Carbon Fixation is catalyzed by Rubisco | |
| 412106935 | Reduction | The carbon molecules made in Carbon Fixation are reduced into to G3P that can be used to make glucose or perform other processes | |
| 412106936 | 1 Cycle of Calvin Cycle | 1 CO2 is fixed 3 ATP are used 2 NADPH are used 1 RuBP is regenerated 6 cycles needed to make 1 glucose molecule | |
| 412106937 | Photorespiration | occurs in light, consumes oxygen, and produces carbon dioxide Occurs in some plants on hot days when their stomatas are closed Wasteful process and evolutionary relic | |
| 412106938 | CAM Photosynthesis | A method to bypass photorespiration Happens in water-storing plants such as cacti and pineapples At night stomata opens and carbon dioxide is taken in and is fixed into a variety of organic acids During the day, organic acids release CO2 and can be used for Calvin Cycle | |
| 412106939 | Mitosis | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes | |
| 412106940 | Meiosis | (genetics) cell division that produces reproductive cells in sexually reproducing organisms | |
| 412106941 | Cytokinesis | organic process consisting of the division of the cytoplasm of a cell following karyokinesis bringing about the separation into two daughter cells | |
| 412106942 | Chromatin | The complex of DNA and proteins that makes up a eukaryotic chromosome. When the cell is not dividing, it exists as a mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope. | |
| 412106943 | Sister Chromatids | Replicated forms of a chromosome joined together by the centromere and eventually separated during mitosis or meiosis II. | |
| 412106944 | Centromere | a specialized condensed region of each chromosome that appears during mitosis where the chromatids are held together to form an X shape | |
| 412106945 | Cell Cycle | series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide | |
| 412106946 | Interphase | the period of the cell cycle during which the nucleus is not undergoing division, typically occurring between mitotic or meiotic divisions | |
| 412106947 | Centrioles | Located near the nucleus and help to organize cell division | |
| 412106948 | Nucleoli | dense masses of RNA and protein that manufacture ribosomes, several of these are located in the nucleus. | |
| 412106949 | Prophase | first and longest phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes become visible and the centrioles separate and take up positions on the opposite sides of the nucleus | |
| 412106950 | Metaphase | second phase of mitosis, during which the chromosomes line up across the center of the cell | |
| 412106951 | Anaphase | the third phase of mitosis, during which the chromosome pairs separate and move toward opposite poles | |
| 412106952 | Telophase | the final stage of meiosis or mitosis, in which the separated chromosomes reach the opposite poles of the dividing cell and the nuclei of the daughter cells form around the two sets of chromosomes | |
| 412106953 | Cell Plate | A double membrane across the midline of a dividing plant cell, between which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis. | |
| 412106954 | Cleavage Furrow | pinching of the cell ("drawstring"): develops in animal cells only | |
| 412106955 | Meiosis II | the second phase of meiosis consisting of chromatids separating, along with the two diploid cells splitting in two | |
| 412106956 | Prophase I | The first phase of meiosis I. the replicated chromosomes condense, homologous chromsomes pair up, crossing over occurs between homologous chromosomes, the spindle is formed, and the nuclear envelope breaks apart into vesicles. the longest phase of meiosis. | |
| 412106957 | Anaphase I | The third phase of meiosis I. the replicated homologous chromosomes are separated (the tetrad is split) and pulled to opposite sides of the cell. | |
| 412106958 | Metaphase I | The second phase of meiosis I. the paired homologous chromsomes (tetrads) align at the center of the cell (the metaphase plate). | |
| 412106959 | Telophase I | The fourth of meiosis I. the number of chromosoms is now reduced by half. After this phase the cell is considered to be haploid. Note however, that the chromosomes are still replicated, and the sister chromatids must still be separated during meiosis II. | |
| 412106960 | Prophase II | The first phase of meiosis II. identical to the mitotic step, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I. | |
| 412106961 | Metaphase II | The second phase of meiosis II. identical to the mitotic step, except that the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis I. | |
| 412106962 | Anaphase II | The third phase of meiosis II. the sister chromatids are finally spearated at their centromeres and puled to opposite sides of teh cell. is identical to mitotic anaphase, excep the number of chromosmes was reduced by half during meiosis I. | |
| 412106963 | Telophase II | The fourth and final phase of meiosis II. the number of chromosomes was reduced by half during meiosis. I. | |
| 412106964 | Haploid | term used to refer to a cell that contains only a single set of chromosomes and therefore only a single set of genes | |
| 412106965 | Diploid | (genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number | |
| 412106966 | Synapsis | the side by side pairing of homologous maternal and paternal chromosomes at the start of meiosis | |
| 412106967 | Tetrads | the paired chromosomes consisting of four chromatids | |
| 412106968 | Crossing Over | the interchange of sections between pairing homologous chromosomes during the prophase of meiosis | |
| 412106969 | Somatic Cells | any cell other than a gamete, has 46 chromosomes, body cells | |
| 412106970 | Gametes | sex cells | |
| 412106971 | Zygote | a fertilized egg | |
| 412106972 | g1 Checkpoint | checks to see if cell size is adequate; chromosomes replication is successfully completed and checks for DNA errors | |
| 412106973 | g0 Checkpoint | if condidtions are not apporpiate for the cell to divide or if it is not programmed to divide they are in this phase | |
| 412106974 | g2 Checkpoint | asses if DNA replication has occured, go ahead signal triggers mitosis | |
| 412106979 | allele | one of two alternate forms of a gene that can have the same locus on homologous chromosomes and are responsible for alternative traits | |
| 412106980 | Law of Segregation | Mendel's law that states that the pairs of homologous chromosomes separate in meiosis so that only one chromosome from each pair is present in each gamete | |
| 412106981 | Law of Independent Assortment | states that allele pairs separate independently during the formation of gametes | |
| 412106982 | Monohybrid Cross | hybridization using a single trait with two alleles (as in Mendel's experiments with garden peas) | |
| 412106983 | Dihybrid Cross | hybridization using two traits with two alleles each | |
| 412106984 | Incomplete Dominance | creates a blended phenotype; one allele is not completely dominant over the other | |
| 412106985 | Codominance | a condition in which both alleles for a gene are fully expressed | |
| 412106986 | Multiple Alleles | three or more forms of a gene that code for a single trait (such as blood types) | |
| 412106987 | Epistasis | A type of gene interaction in which one gene alters the phenotypic effects of another gene that is independently inherited., One gene masks the expression of a different gene for a different trait | |
| 412106988 | Pleiotropy | A single gene having multiple effects on an individuals phenotype (more than one phenotypic expression) | |
| 412106989 | Linked Genes | genes located on the same chromosome that tend to be inherited together in genetic crosses | |
| 412106990 | Sex Linked Inheritance | Traits located on the sex cells. EX: Colorblindness, hemophilia. | |
| 412106991 | X Inactivation | During development, females inactivate half of their X gene elles in order to prevent producing double the amount of the protein. | |
| 412106992 | Nondisjunction | error in meiosis in which homologous chromosomes don't separate; gametes end up with wrong number of chromosomes | |
| 412106993 | Polyploidy | condition in which an organism has extra sets of chromosomes | |
| 412106994 | Point Mutations | changes in a DNA sequence caused by substitution of one nucleotide for another | |
| 412106995 | Aneuploidy | an abnormality involving a chromosome number that is not an exact multiple of the haploid number (one chromosome set is incomplete)(causes down sydrome and turners syndrome) | |
| 412106996 | karyotype | the appearance of the chromosomal makeup of a somatic cell in an individual or species (including the number and arrangement and size and structure of the chromosomes) | |
| 412106997 | homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes, that have the same structured, and that pair during meisosis | |
| 412106998 | Autosomes | non-sex chromosomes | |
| 412107001 | P Generation | parental generation, the first two individuals that mate in a genetic cross | |
| 412107002 | f1 Generation | the first offspring from a cross of two varieties in the parental (P) generation | |
| 412107003 | f2 Generation | the second generation of offspring, obtained from an experimental cross of two organisms; the offspring of the F1 generation | |
| 412107004 | Pedigree | a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family | |
| 412107005 | Tay-Sachs | recessive, lipid build up, causes fat build up in brain. death by 2 |
