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| 8090667830 | DNA ligase | A linking enzyme essential for DNA replication and recombinant DNA techniques | 0 | |
| 8090667834 | Histones | proteins around which eukaryotic DNA is tightly coiled in chromatin |  | 1 |
| 8090667837 | Transcription | The synthesis of RNA using DNA as a template (takes place in the nucleus) | 2 | |
| 8090667838 | Messenger RNA | (produced during transcription) It carries the genetic message of DNA to the protein-making machinery of the cell in the cytoplasm, the ribosome | 3 | |
| 8090667841 | RNA Polymerase | An enzyme that separates the two DNA strands and connects the RNA nucleotides as they base-pair along the DNA template strand (can only add RNA nucleotides to the 3' end of strand, so RNA elongates in the 5' to 3' direction | 4 | |
| 8090667842 | Promoter | Specific region of a gene where RNA polymerase can bind and begin transcription | 5 | |
| 8090667843 | Terminator | The DNA sequence that signals the end of transcription | 6 | |
| 8090667845 | Transcription Factors | Assist the bind of RNA polymerase to the promoter and thus the initiation of transcription | 7 | |
| 8090667851 | Introns | Noncoding segments of nucleic acid that lie between coding sequences. | 8 | |
| 8090667852 | Exons | expressed sequence of DNA; codes for a protein |  | 9 |
| 8090667853 | snRNA | Found only in the nucleus of eukaryotes and functions to remove introns from mRNA | 10 | |
| 8090667854 | Ribozyme | RNA enzyme that removes introns and splices exons together | 11 | |
| 8090667869 | Operon | set of prokaryotic operator and promoter sites and the structural genes they control |  | 12 |
| 8090667870 | Regulatory Genes | Produce repressor proteins that bind to the operatore site (when regulatory protein occupies operator site RNA polymerase is blocked and operon is off) | 13 | |
| 8090667871 | Repressible Operon | Normally on but can be inhibited; repressor protein produced by the regulatory gene is inactive | 14 | |
| 8090667872 | Inducible Operon | An operon that is normally off but can be activated and is normally catabolic | 15 | |
| 8090667873 | DNA methylation | The addition of methyl groups to DNA which causes DNA to be more tightly packaged, reducing gene expression | 16 | |
| 8090667874 | Histone Acetylation | Acetylation of histone "loosens" DNA so that it can be transcribed. |  | 17 |
| 8090667883 | Recombinant DNA | DNA that has been artificially made using DNA from different sources |  | 18 |
| 8090667884 | Gene cloning | The process by which scientists can produce multiple copies of specific segments of DNA that they can work with in the lab | 19 | |
| 8090667885 | Restriction Enzymes | Used to cut strands of DNA at specific locations | 20 | |
| 8090667886 | Sticky end | The single stranded end of DNA when restriction enzymes cut it (can form hydrogen bonds with complementary single-stranded pieces of DNA) DNA ligase(an enzyme) can seal those two single-stranded pieces |  | 21 |
| 8090667890 | Prokaryotic DNA traits | no introns, not in nucleus, circular, one chromosome, plasmids | 22 | |
| 8090667891 | Eukaryotic DNA traits | histones, introns, linear, more than one chromosome, chromatin | 23 | |
| 8090721227 | electrophoresis | technique used in laboratories in order to separate DNA/RNA, proteins based on size |  | 24 |
| 8090749271 | plasmid | Bacterial genes outside the main chromosome |  | 25 |
| 8090752515 | transformation | genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake of genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane |  | 26 |
| 8090758926 | micro RNA | a RNA fragment that prevents the production of a particular protein by binding to and destroying the messenger RNA that would have produced the protein. | 27 | |
| 8090765055 | RNAi | RNA molecules inhibit gene expression or translation, by neutralizing targeted mRNA molecules | 28 | |
| 8090771700 | cytoplasmic determinants | regions of the cytoplasm accumulate chemicals whose distribution is heterogenic. They play a role in development of the embryo's organs. Each type of cell is determined by a particular determinant | 29 | |
| 8090784202 | pattern formation | generation of cell fates in space and time controlled by genes. Morphogenesis. | 30 | |
| 8090796251 | PCR | technique used to amplify DNA generating millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence | 31 | |
| 8090805793 | hox gene | a group of genes that control the body plan of an embryo along the head-tail axis. Hox proteins determine the type of appendages or vertebrae that will form on a segment | 32 | |
| 8090819811 | transposon | a DNA sequence that can change position within a genome, sometimes creating or reversing mutations and altering the cell's genetic identity and genome size. | 33 | |
| 8090834586 | p53 gene | halts the cell cycle when the cell is need of repair. | 34 | |
| 8154857407 | reverse transcriptase | An enzyme used by retroviruses that catalyzes the synthesis of DNA on an RNA template. | 35 | |
| 8154860420 | cDNA | Complementary strand of DNA synthesized from an RNA template by the enzyme reverse transcriptase. | 36 | |
| 8154962269 | induction | The process by which neighboring cells can influence the determination of a cell. | 37 | |
| 8154968001 | inducer | A specific small molecule that inactivates the repressor in an operon. | 38 | |
| 8154971606 | activator | A protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a specific gene. | 39 | |
| 8154977147 | transduction | Transfer of genes between bacteria by bacteriophages. | 40 |
