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| 5010774611 | Define DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule that determines the structure of proteins | 0 | |
| 5010774612 | Define chromosome | These consist of DNA wrapped around proteins called histones; located in the nucleus | 1 | |
| 5010774613 | Define euchromatin | The state of genetic material in its loose form in the nucleus | 2 | |
| 5010774614 | Define heterochromatin | The state of genetic material and its fully condensed coils | 3 | |
| 5010774615 | Define double helix | The structure of DNA where two strands wrap around each other to form a long, twisted ladder | 4 | |
| 5010774616 | Who are Watson & Crick? | These two scientists were the first to define the structure of a DNA molecule | 5 | |
| 5010774617 | Define nucleotide | The monomers of nucleic acid; the repeated subunits of DNA molecules. Each contains a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base. | 6 | |
| 5010774618 | Define purine and give two examples | A nucleotide with a double-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are adenine and guanine | 7 | |
| 5010774619 | Define pyrimidine and give two examples | A nucleotide with a single-ringed nitrogenous base; the two in DNA are cytosine and thymine | 8 | |
| 5010774620 | Define phosphodiester bonds | Bonds that link nucleotides of a DNA strand together. The 3′ and 5′ carbons of sugars of two respective nucleotide subunits are linked together, and the phosphate group of the bottom nucleotide lies in between. | 9 | |
| 5010774621 | Define dioxyribose | The five-carbon sugar in a DNA nucleotide | 10 | |
| 5010774622 | Define the role of hydrogen bonds in DNA | This type of bond holds together the two DNA strands by linking complementary nitrogenous bases; this contributes to DNA's secondary structure, a double helix | 11 | |
| 5010774623 | Which bases are complements in DNA base pairing? | Adenine pairs with thymine Cytosine pairs with guanine | 12 | |
| 5010774624 | Define antiparallel | Running alongside but in an opposite orientation. The term is used to describe the relative orientation of the two strands of a DNA molecule, which run in opposite directions (5′ to 3′ and 3′ to 5′). | 13 | |
| 5010774625 | A-T and T-A requires how many H-bonds? | Two | 14 | |
| 5010774626 | C-G and G-C requires how many H-bonds? | Three | 15 | |
| 5010774627 | What is DNA main role? | Directing the manufacture of proteins | 16 | |
| 5010774628 | Define DNA replication | The copying of DNA to pass on information | 17 | |
| 5010774629 | Define conservative replication | A proposed mechanism for DNA replication that suggested replication resulted in a DNA molecule consisting of two new, and no parental, strands. The mechanism has been disproven. | 18 | |
| 5010774630 | Define dispersive replication | A proposed mechanism of DNA replication, suggesting that segments of both parental strands act as templates for a new strand. The resulting daughter strands contain a mixture of old and newly synthesized DNA. | 19 | |
| 5010774631 | Define semi-conservative replication | A model (born out by experimental evidence) for DNA replication in which each DNA strand acts as a template for the synthesis of a new complementary strand. | 20 | |
| 5010774632 | Define the role of helicase | This enzyme unwinds our double helix into two strands | 21 | |
| 5010774633 | Define the role of DNA polymerase | This enzyme adds nucleotides to an existing strand | 22 | |
| 5010774634 | Define the role of ligase | This enzyme brings together the Okazaki fragments | 23 | |
| 5010774635 | Define the role of topoisomerase | This enzyme cuts and rejoins the helix | 24 | |
| 5010774636 | Define the role of RNA primase | This enzymes catalyzes the synthesis of RNA primers | 25 | |
| 5010774637 | Define origins of replication | The specific sites at which DNA replication begins | 26 | |
| 5010774638 | Define leading strand | During replication, the strand of DNA that is synthesized continuously in the direction of the replication fork. | 27 | |
| 5010774639 | Define replication fork | One half of a replication bubble; a y-shaped structure on the DNA molecule along which replication takes place | 28 | |
| 5010774640 | Define replication bubble | A portion of the DNA molecule that has opened, providing a site for two replication forks. Multiple replication bubbles along the DNA molecule speed of the process of replication. | 29 | |
| 5010774641 | Define lagging strand | During replication, the DNA strand that grows discontinuously and in the direction opposite of the replication fork. | 30 | |
| 5010774642 | Define Okazaki fragments | The noncontinuous segments of newly synthesized DNA along the lagging strand | 31 | |
| 5010774643 | How is RNA different from DNA? | 1. RNA is single-stranded, not double stranded 2. The five-carbon sugar is ribose instead of deoxyribose 3. The nitrogenous base uracil replaces the DNA base thymine | 32 | |
| 5010774644 | Define messenger RNA (mRNA) | The type of RNA that copies the information stored in the strand of DNA | 33 | |
| 5010774645 | Define ribosomal RNA (rRNA) | The type of RNA, produced in the nucleolus, that makes up part of the ribosomes | 34 | |
| 5010774646 | Define the role of a ribosome | These cellular organelles are the sites of protein synthesis | 35 | |
| 5010774647 | Define transfer RNA (tRNA) | The type of RNA that shuttles amino acids to the ribosomes;it functions as the translator from nucleotide into amino acid in protein synthesis | 36 | |
| 5010774648 | What are the three basic steps of protein synthesis? | 1. Transcription 2. RNA processing 3. Translation | 37 | |
| 5010774649 | Define transcription | The process of copying the genetic code from DNA into the form of mRNA | 38 | |
| 5010774650 | What are the three phases of both transcription and translation? | 1. Initiation 2. Elogation 3. Termination | 39 | |
| 5010774651 | Define promoter | A sequence of DNA nucleotides that signals where transcription will begin and where RNA polymerase binds | 40 | |
| 5010774652 | Define sense strand | The strand in transcription that serves as the template for mRNA | 41 | |
| 5010774653 | Define antisense strand | The strand in transcription that lies dormant, aka the one that is not being used to make mRNA | 42 | |
| 5010774654 | Define RNA polymerase | An enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of the mRNA strand during transcription | 43 | |
| 5010774655 | Define heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) | The newly made RNA molecule | 44 | |
| 5010774656 | Define exon | A coding segment in a eukaryotic gene | 45 | |
| 5010774657 | Define intron | Noncoding sequences within genes that are between 20-40 nucleotides long that exist in pairs of upside-down and backward versions of each other | 46 | |
| 5010774658 | Define spliceosome | An assembly of proteins and RNA that function in the removal of introns from an mRNA strand | 47 | |
| 5010774659 | Define poly(A) tail | The section of adenine nucleotides from 30-200 base pairs long that is added to the 3′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA strand for protection from degradation and to aid in export from the nucleus | 48 | |
| 5010774660 | Define mRNA processing | Final changes that are made in a mRNA strand, such as 5′ capping, adding a poly(A) tail, and removing segments of the strand | 49 | |
| 5010774661 | Define 5' cap | Methylated guanine nucleotide that is added to the 5′ end of a newly synthesized mRNA strand for protection from degradation | 50 | |
| 5010774662 | Define codon | A sequence of DNA, three nucleotides in length, that translates into a single amino acid | 51 | |
| 5010774663 | Define anticodon | A sequence of three nucleotides on a transfer RNA molecule that is complementary to a nucleotide sequence on a messenger RNA molecule; they are specific to the amino acid carried by tRNA | 52 | |
| 5010774664 | Define initiation | The beginning of translation, characterized by the formation of an initiation complex, the messenger RNA strand, a charged tRNA, and the small ribosomal subunit | 53 | |
| 5010774665 | What three binding sites do ribosomes contain? | An A site, a P site, and an E site | 54 | |
| 5010774666 | Define A site | The site for the attachment of new tRNA | 55 | |
| 5010774667 | Define P site | The site occupied by the initator tRNA; P stands for polypeptide | 56 | |
| 5010774668 | Define E site | The site for the exiting of tRNA | 57 | |
| 5010774669 | What is the codon for the initiation of protein synthesis? | A-U-G, which codes for the amino acid methionine | 58 | |
| 5010774670 | Define elongation | The addition of amino acids to mRNA | 59 | |
| 5010774671 | Define termination | The end of the synthesis of a polypeptide, caused by a stop codon | 60 | |
| 5010774672 | Define stop codon, and give three examples | Sequences of nucleotides on the messenger RNA strand, such as U-G-A, U-A-A, and U-A-G, that signal the end of translation | 61 | |
| 5010774673 | Define primary structure | The linear sequence of amino acids in a protein | 62 | |
| 5010774674 | Define secondary structure | The twisting of a polypeptide into either an alpha helix or beta-pleated sheets | 63 | |
| 5010774675 | Define tertiary structure | The folding of a polypeptide into a three-dimensional structure | 64 | |
| 5010774676 | Define quaternary structure | When two or more polypeptides get together | 65 | |
| 5010774677 | Define chaperon proteins (aka chaperonins) | Proteins that help other proteins fold properly and make the process of folding more efficient | 66 | |
| 5010774678 | Define mutation | A defect in the chromosome or changes in the normally occurring DNA sequence | 67 | |
| 5010774679 | Define base substitution (point) mutation | A mutation when one base is substituted for another | 68 |
