Chapter 10 Vocabulary for AP Biology
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| 9615806694 | Thylakoids | dense interconnected membranous sacs where the light reactions occur |  | 0 |
| 9615806695 | Grana | stacks of thylakoid | 1 | |
| 9615806696 | Granum | singular of grana | 2 | |
| 9615806697 | Chloroplast | sites of photosynthesis | 3 | |
| 9615806698 | Photosynthesis | conversion of light energy into chemical energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules |  | 4 |
| 9615806699 | Photosynthesis Equation | 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 | 5 | |
| 9615806700 | Carbon Dioxide | source of inorganic carbon used in photosynthesis | 6 | |
| 9615806701 | Electromagnetic Spectrum | Electromagnetic energy which travels in waves |  | 7 |
| 9615806702 | Colors | Light we see is reflected off objects and light we don't see is absorbed by objects | 8 | |
| 9615806703 | White | All colors reflected | 9 | |
| 9615806704 | Black | All colors absorbed | 10 | |
| 9615806705 | Chlorophyll a | main photosynthetic green pigment, absorbs primarily violet-blue and red wavelengths | 11 | |
| 9615806706 | Pigment | a molecule that absorbs wavelengths in the visible light spectrum | 12 | |
| 9615806707 | Carotenoid | Group of pigments that absorb blue and blue-green wavelengths, appear orange, yellow, and red | 13 | |
| 9615806708 | Light Reactions | Occur in thylakoid membrane and are also called light dependent reactions | 14 | |
| 9615806709 | Photosystem | Consists of a reaction-center complex surrounded by light-harvesting complexes which split water to create electrons that get transferred to NADP+ to create NADPH and H+ which are used to create ATP | 15 | |
| 9615806710 | Light-Harvesting Complex | Contains chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids (within the photosystem) that will trap light energy for use in the light reactions | 16 | |
| 9615806711 | Photosystem 1 | Has P700 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex, thought to have evolved first because it can work alone to create primary acceptors, 2nd of the photosystems |  | 17 |
| 9615806712 | Photosystem 2 | Has P680 chlorophyll a in reaction-center complex, first of the photosystems. splits water into electrons, oxygen, and hydrogen ions | 18 | |
| 9615806713 | Cytochrome | Protein in the electron transport chain of the photosystems that transfers the electrons to create NADPH | 19 | |
| 9615806714 | Calvin Cycle | Light-Independent reactions Occurs in stoma, does not use light directly. Uses the enzyme Rubisco to create 2 molecules of G3P which is then either used to create glucose or recycled back into RuBP to restart the cycle |  | 20 |
| 9615806715 | Rubisco | The most abundant protein on Earth Carbon Fixation is catalyzed by Rubisco | 21 | |
| 9615806716 | Reduction | The carbon molecules made in Carbon Fixation are reduced into to G3P by adding the negative phosphate from a NADPH that can be used to make glucose or perform other processes | 22 | |
| 9615806717 | 1 Cycle of Calvin Cycle | 1 CO2 is fixed 3 ATP are used 2 NADPH are used 1 RuBP is regenerated 6 cycles needed to make 1 glucose molecule | 23 | |
| 9615806718 | C4 Photosynthesis | A method that bypasses photorespiration Happens in corn, sugarcane, and other plants in hot, dry environments Converts carbon dioxide to a 4-carbon intermediary which is then stored in bundle-sheath cells | 24 | |
| 9615806719 | C3 Plant | Plants that use the Calvin Cycle without creating carbon intermediaries, take in carbon dioxide through stomata. An enzyme called RuBisCO helps the carbon dioxide combine to make sugar. |  | 25 |
| 9615806720 | chlorophyll b | Pigment that absorbs light in the blue and orange light spectrum. Second major pigment used in plants. | 26 | |
| 9615806721 | CAM Plants | Plants that only open stomata at night. They convert carbon dioxide to malic acid which is then converted back into carbon dioxide during the day for the Calvin cycle | 27 |
