Terms : Hide Images
| 8159134850 | autotroph | An organism that obtains organic food molecules without eating other organisms or substances derived from other organisms. Autotrophs use energy from the sun or from the oxidation of inorganic substances to make organic molecules from inorganic ones. |  | 0 |
| 8159134851 | heterotroph | An organism that obtains organic food molecules by eating other organisms or their by-products. |  | 1 |
| 8159134852 | chloroplast | An organelle found only in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorbs sunlight and uses it to drive the synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water. |  | 2 |
| 8159134853 | mesophyll | The ground tissue of a leaf, sandwiched between the upper and lower epidermis and specialized for photosynthesis. |  | 3 |
| 8159134854 | stroma | The fluid of the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from carbon dioxide and water. |  | 4 |
| 8159134855 | thylakoid | A flattened membrane sac inside the chloroplast, used to convert light energy to chemical energy. |  | 5 |
| 8159134856 | thylakoid space | The interior of the thylakoids. |  | 6 |
| 8159134857 | stomata (stoma) | A microscopic pore surrounded by guard cells in the epidermis of leaves and stems that allows gas exchange between the environment and the interior of the plant. |  | 7 |
| 8159134858 | light reaction | The steps in photosynthesis that occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast and that convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, evolving oxygen in the process. |  | 8 |
| 8159134859 | ATP (adenosine triphosphate) | An adednine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells. |  | 9 |
| 8159134860 | oxygen | raw material used in aerobic respiration and produced during the light reaction of photosynthesis |  | 10 |
| 8159134861 | NADPH | created during the light reaction in photosystem I; created when NADP gains an electron; used during the dark reaction; energy rich molecule; | 11 | |
| 8159134862 | photophosphorylation | The process of generating ATP from ADP and phosphate during the light reactions of photosynthesis. |  | 12 |
| 8159134863 | Calvin Cycle | The second of two major stages in photosynthesis (following the light reactions), involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate. |  | 13 |
| 8159134864 | carbon fixation | The incorporation of carbon from CO2; combined CO2 with RuBP; requires the enzyme rubisco | | 14 |
| 8159134865 | photosystem | Light-capturing unit located in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast, consisting of a reaction center surrounded by numerous light-harvesting complexes. There are two types of photosystems, I and II; they absorb light best at different wavelengths. |  | 15 |
| 8159134866 | reaction center | Complex of proteins associated with two special chlorophyll a molecules and a primary electron accepetor. Located centrally in a photosystem, this complex triggers the light reactions of photosynthesis. |  | 16 |
| 8159134867 | primary electron acceptor | A specialized molecule sharing the reaction center with the pair of reaction-center chlorophyll a molecules; it accepts an electron from one of these two chlorophylls. |  | 17 |
| 8159134868 | photosystem I | One of two light capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; creates NADPH | | 18 |
| 8159134869 | photosystem II | One of two light capturing units in a chloroplast's thylakoid membrane; helps to create ATP | | 19 |
| 8159134870 | RuBP (rubulose biphosphate) | A five-carbon sugar which reacts with CO2 in the first step of the Calvin cycle. | 20 | |
| 8159134871 | G3P | A 3-carbon sugar that is the product of the Calvin Cycle. It is the starting point for the synthesis of other carbohydrates. Some of this G3P is used to regenerate the RuBP to continue the cycle | | 21 |
| 8159134872 | CAM photosynthesis | Carbon fixation pathway that evolved in some plants as an adaptation to arid conditions. The stomata in the leaves remain shut during the day to reduce evapotranspiration, but open at night to collect carbon dioxide. | 22 | |
| 8159134873 | C4 Plants | A plant that prefaces the Calvin cycle with reactions that incorporate CO2 into a four carbon-compound, the end product of which supplies CO2 for the Calvin cycle. |  | 23 |
| 8159134874 | C3 Plants | A plant that uses the Calvin cycle for the initial steps that incorporate CO2 into organic material, forming a three-carbon compound as the first stable intermediate; most plants use this pathway | | 24 |
| 8159134875 | electron transport chain | A sequence of electron carrier molecules (membrane proteins) that shuttle electrons through the inner membrane to make ATP. |  | 25 |
| 8159134876 | chemiosmosis | An energy-coupling mechanism that uses energy stored in the form of a hydrogen ion gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work, such as the synthesis of ATP. Most ATP synthesis occurs by chemiosmosis. |  | 26 |
| 8159134877 | fermentation | A process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose; no oxygen required; only glycolysis occurs; no Krebs Cycle or ETC ; end products are such as ethyl alcohol or lactic acid. |  | 27 |
| 8159134878 | cellular respiration | The most prevalent and efficient pathway or the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel. |  | 28 |
| 8159134879 | aerobic respiration | Pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel (glucose) | 29 | |
| 8159134880 | oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions | A reaction that involves the transfer of electrons between reactants. | 30 | |
| 8159134881 | oxidation | The loss of electrons (H+) from a substance involved in a redox reaction; gaining oxygen |  | 31 |
| 8159134882 | reduction | The addition of electrons (H+) to a substance involved in a redox reaction; losing oxygen | | 32 |
| 8159134883 | NADH | An energy-carrying coenzyme produced by glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. NADH carries energy to the electron transport chain, where it is stored in ATP. | 33 | |
| 8159134884 | glycolysis | The splitting of 6-carbon sugar glucose into 2 organic carbon compounds (pyruvate). Glycolysis is the one metabolic pathway that occurs in all living cells, serving as the starting point for fermentation or aerobic respiration. | | 34 |
| 8159134885 | pyruvate | Three-carbon compound that forms as an end product of glycolysis. | 35 | |
| 8159134886 | acetyl CoA | Acetyl coenzyme A; the entry compound for the citric acid cycle in cellular respiration, formed from a fragment of pyruvate attached to a coenzyme. | 36 | |
| 8159134887 | citric acid cycle | A chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules to carbon dioxide; occurs within the mitochondrion; the second major stage in cellular respiration |  | 37 |
| 8159134888 | ATP synthase | A cluster of several membrane proteins found in the mitochondrial crista (and bacterial plasma membrane) that function in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP. ATP synthases provide a port through which hydrogen ions diffuse into the matrix of a mitrochondrion. |  | 38 |
| 8159134889 | oxidative phosphorylation | The production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. | | 39 |
| 8159134890 | anaerobic fermentation | Enables cells to produce ATP in the absence of oxygen. Yields 2 ATP and lactic acid. | 40 | |
| 8159134891 | alcohol fermentation | The conversion of pyruvate to carbon dioxide and ethyl alcohol. | 41 | |
| 8159134892 | lactic acid fermentation | The conversion of pyruvate to lactate with no release of carbon dioxide. | 42 |
