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| 6311653965 | asexual reproduction | -produces clones, offspring genetically identical to the parent cell. | 0 | |
| 6311653966 | advantages of asexual reproduction | -enables animals living in isolation to reproduce -can create numerous offspring quickly -no expenditure of energy maintaining reproductive systems or hormonal cycles -advantageous when the environment is stable because offspring are identical to parents | 1 | |
| 6321377131 | disadvantage of asexual reproduction | the entire population or species may be wiped out if the environment changes | 2 | |
| 6321382363 | fission | division of an organism into 2 cells; ex: amoeba | 3 | |
| 6321385783 | budding | splitting off of new individuals from existing ones; ex: hydra | 4 | |
| 6321389265 | fragmentation or regeneration | when a single parent breaks into parts that regenerate into new individuals; ex: sponges, sea stars | 5 | |
| 6321394221 | parthenogenesis | -the development of an egg without fertilization -the resulting adult is haploid; ex: honeybees and some lizards | 6 | |
| 6321400292 | sexual reproduction | offspring are the products of two parents and might be better able than their parents to survive in a changing environment | 7 | |
| 6321405970 | advantage of sexual reproduction | -greater variation among offspring due to recombination of alleles | 8 | |
| 6321413336 | disadvantage of sexual reproduction | -organism must find a mate -great expenditure of energy maintaining reproductive systems and hormonal cycle | 9 | |
| 6321418409 | cleavage | -rapid mitotic division of the zygote that begins immediately after fertilization -ends in the formation of the blastula | 10 | |
| 6321425615 | gastrulation | -process that involves rearrangement of the blastula and begins with the formation of the blastopore -ends in the formation of 3 differentiated layers called embryonic germ layers: ectoderm, endoderm, and mesoderm -the archenteron develops during this stage | 11 | |
| 6321434752 | blastopore | an opening in the blastula | 12 | |
| 6321437114 | archenteron | primitive gut | 13 | |
| 6321439346 | organogenesis | -process by which cells continue to differentiate, producing organs from 3 embryonic germ layers -in chordates, the first organs to form the notochord and neural tube | 14 | |
| 6321982824 | embryo and embryonic germ layers | Includes: -notochord -coelom -endoderm -neural tube -mesoderm -ectoderm | 15 | |
| 6321980805 | notochord | -part of the chordate embryo -skeletal rod characteristic of all chordates | 16 | |
| 6321991598 | coelom | -part of the chordate embryo -body cavity; provides space for complex organ systems | 17 | |
| 6321994307 | endoderm | -part of the chordate embryo -will give rise to the digestive system | 18 | |
| 6321998129 | neural tube(spinal cord) | -part of the chordate embryo -will give rise to the nervous system | 19 | |
| 6322001202 | mesoderm | -part of the chordate embryo -gives rise to blood, bones, and muscles | 20 | |
| 6322002981 | ectoderm | -part of the chordate embryo -gives rise to skin and the nervous system | 21 | |
| 6322011765 | embryonic development | card 8 |  | 22 |
| 6322014964 | animal pole | -top half of frog embryo -where most clevage occurs -has a pigmented cap that rotates toward the point of penetration of sperm | 23 | |
| 6322020943 | vegetal pole | -bottom half of frog embryo -yolky portion where very little cleavage occurs | 24 | |
| 6322025879 | embryonic induction | -ability of one group of embryonic cells to influence the development of another group of embryonic cells by switching on certain genes | 25 | |
| 6322038148 | B-catenin | the dorsal lip of blastopore is key to embryonic development because something in these cells initiates a chain of inductions that results in the formation of neural tissue. After many years of study, scientisits identify the signaling molecule as the transcription factor? | 26 | |
| 6322042395 | Hans Spemann | scientist who proved embryonic induction occurred when he grafted a piece of dorsal lip from one embryo to the ventral side of a second embryo. A second neural tube grew on the abdomen of the recipient animal | 27 | |
| 6322059582 | cytoplasmic influences embryonic development | -there is something in the cytoplasm of animal and vegetal cells that controls normal embryonic development -A classic experiment-when an 8-ball urchin embryo is cut into two halves, the future development of the animal is determined by how the cut is made(card 10) | 28 | |
| 6322071172 | gray cresent | -part of the cytoplasm of the frog embryo that is necessary for normal development into adulthodd -appears on side of egg opposite where sperm penetrates -blastopore forms at border of this cresent and vegetal pole after fertilization | 29 | |
| 6322078804 | Spamann's classic experiment | proved that only the zygote containing the gray crescent developed properly -Spemann proved the importance of cytoplasmic determinants, that the cytoplasm plays a major role in embryonic development | 30 | |
| 6322088203 | homeobox-homeotic genes | -master genes that control expression of genes responsible for development of specific anatomical structures -Ex: homeotic gene might give instructions, such as "place legs here", in the developing embryo | 31 | |
| 6322094470 | apoptosis | -programmed cell death -a featuyre of normal embryonic animal -at various times in development, individual cells or tissues are engulfed by neighboring cells | 32 | |
| 6322098819 | examples of apoptosis | -Ex: reabsorption of a tadpole's tail during metamorphosis -Ex: although shared developmental genes generate webbing between embryonic digits of birds, that webbing is eliminated in normal human embryonic development | 33 |
