All the key terms from the 1st chapter in the Cliffsnotes book.
Terms : Hide Images
| 46233186 | Ionic Bonds | formed between 2 atoms when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another. (electronegativities of atoms different. one atom has a stronger pull than the other) | 0 | |
| 46233187 | Ions | positively or negatively charged atoms that have gained or lost electrons | 1 | |
| 46233188 | Covalent Bonds | electrons between atoms are shared (electronegativities of the atoms are similar) | 2 | |
| 46233189 | Nonpolar Covalent Bonds | electrons are shared equally | 3 | |
| 46233190 | Polar Covalent Bonds | electrons shared unequally | 4 | |
| 46233191 | Hydrogen Bonds | weak between molecules. Form when a positively charged Hygrogen atom is attracted to another | 5 | |
| 46233192 | Hydrophobic | (water fearing) Nonpolar covalent substances that do not dissolve in water | 6 | |
| 46233193 | Properties of Water | excellent solvent. high heat capacity. ice floats. strong cohesion. high surgace tension. strong adhesion. | 7 | |
| 46233194 | Hydrophilic | (water loving) Polar covalent substances that dissolve in water | 8 | |
| 46233195 | Heat capacity | the degree to which a substance changes temperature in response to gain or loss of heat. (water's is high, changing temperature very slowly. therefore, large bodies of water are stable in response to temperature changes) | 9 | |
| 46233196 | Ice floats | Water expands as it freezes and becomes less dense than its liquid form. (hydrogen bonds form a crystal that keep the molecules separated and less dense than its liquid form) | 10 | |
| 46233197 | Cohesion | attraction between like substances (occurs in water because of the hydrogen bonding between water molecules. creates a high surface tension) | 11 | |
| 46233198 | Surface tension | measure of how difficult it is to stretch or break the surface of a liquid (water's is high. Allows waterstiders to walk on it) | 12 | |
| 46233199 | Adhesion | Attraction of unlike substances (Clinging of one substance to another. water adheres to the walls of narrow tubing or absorbent solids) | 13 | |
| 46233200 | Organic molecules | have carbon atoms | 14 | |
| 46233349 | Macromolecules | large molecules such as proteins, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, or lipids | 15 | |
| 46233350 | Polymers | molecules that consist of a single unit (monomer) repeated many times | 16 | |
| 46234671 | Hydroxyl | -OH, (alcohols.) Polar. Attracts water molecules | 17 | |
| 46234672 | Carboxyl | -COOH, (carboxylic acids) Acidic properties | 18 | |
| 46234673 | Amino | -NH2, (amines) Acts as a base. | 19 | |
| 46234674 | Phosphate | PO4 3- (organic phosphates) transfer energy between organic molecules | 20 | |
| 46252773 | Carbonyl | -C=O, (ketones, aldehydes) | 21 | |
| 46252774 | Sulfhydryl | -SH (thiols) | 22 | |
| 46252775 | Monosaccaride | Simplest carbohydrate. A single sugar molecule. | 23 | |
| 46252776 | Disaccharide | 2 sugar molecules joined by a glycosidic linkage. (Glycosidic linkage= bond formed by a dehydration reaction. A water molecule is lost) (ex, sucrose, lactose, maltose) | 24 | |
| 46252777 | Dehydration (condensation) Reaction | Reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water molecule | 25 | |
| 46252778 | Polysaccharide | A series of connected monosaccharides. | 26 | |
| 46252779 | Starch | Polymer. Principal energy storage molecule in plant cells | 27 | |
| 46252780 | Glycogen | Polymer. Major energy storage in animal cells | 28 | |
| 46252781 | Cellulose | Polymer. Structural molecule in the walls of plant cells | 29 | |
| 46252782 | Chitin | Polymer. Structural molecule in the walls of fungus cells and in some exoskeletons | 30 | |
| 46252783 | Triglycerides | include fats and oils. Consist of 3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol molecule. | 31 | |
| 46252784 | Fatty acids | Hydrocarbons (chains of covalently bonded carbons and hydrogens) with a carboxyl group at one end of the chain | 32 | |
| 46252785 | Saturated fatty acid | Single covalent bond between each pair of carbon atoms. Each carbon has 2 hydrogens bonded to it. (each carbon is ________ with hydrogen) | 33 | |
| 46252786 | Monosaturated | Each fatty acid has one double covalent bond and each of the 2 carbons has one hydrogen atom bonded to it | 34 | |
| 46252787 | Polyunsaturated | monounsaturated fatty acid except there are two or more double covalent bonds | 35 | |
| 46252788 | Phospholipid | looks just like a lipid except one of the fatty acid chains is replaced by a phosphate group | 36 | |
| 46252789 | Amphipathic | both polar (hydrophilic) and nonpolar (hydrophobic) regions. (used to describe phospholipids) | 37 | |
| 46252790 | Steroids | characterized by a backbone of four linked carbon rings | 38 | |
| 46252791 | Structural proteins | a type of protein. they shape cells and anchor cell parts. Serve as tracts along which cell parts can move. Bind cells together | 39 | |
| 46252792 | Storage Proteins | Stockpile building components that cells can use to make other proteins | 40 | |
| 46252793 | Enzymes | Changes the rate of a chemical reaction without changing itself in the process (catalysts, substrate specific, unchanged as a result of a reaction, efficiency of an enzyme is affected by temperature and pH) | 41 | |
| 46252794 | Transport Proteins | transport materials into and out of cells (ex. Hemoglobin) | 42 | |
| 46252795 | Defensive proteins | A type of protein.They provide protection against foreign substances that enter the bodies (antibodies) | 43 | |
| 46252796 | Proteins | Polymers of amino acids. Consist of a chain of amino acids covalently bonded through bonds called peptide bonds | 44 | |
| 46252797 | Primary Structure | describes the order of amino acids | 45 | |
| 46252798 | Secondary Structure | three-dimensional shape that results from hydrogen bonding between the amino and carboxyl groups of adjacent amino acids. (The bonding produces a spiral (alpha helix) or a folded plane that looks much like the pleats on a skirt (beta pleated sheet).) | 46 | |
| 46252799 | Tertiary Structure | overall 3-D shape of a polypeptide (resulting from interactions between the R groups of the amino acids, hydrophobic effect that occurs when hydrophobic R groups move toward the center of the protein, formation of disulfide bonds when the sulfur atom in the amino acid cysteine bonds to the sulfur atom in another cysteine) | 47 | |
| 46252800 | Quaternary Structure | protein that is assembled from two or more separate peptide chains | 48 | |
| 46252801 | DNA | polymer of nucleotides, three parts—a nitrogen base, a five-carbon sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group, (Nucleic acids, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine) | 49 | |
| 46252802 | RNA | sugar in the nucleotides that make this molecule is ribose, thymine replaced by Uracil. It is usually single-stranded and does not form a double helix | 50 | |
| 46252803 | Activation energy | energy needed to get a reaction started | 51 | |
| 46252804 | Catalyst | accelerates the rate of the reaction because it lowers the activation energy required | 52 | |
| 46252805 | Metabolism | Chemical reactions that occur in biological systems, includes the breakdown | 53 | |
| 46252806 | Substrate | substance or substances upon which the enzyme acts | 54 | |
| 46252807 | Cofactors | nonprotein molecules that assist enzymes | 55 | |
| 46252808 | Coenzymes | organic cofactors that usually function to donate or accept some component of a reaction | 56 | |
| 46252809 | ATP | common source of activation energy for metabolic reactions | 57 | |
| 46252810 | Phosphorylation | ADP combines with a phosphate group using energy obtained from some energy-rich molecule | 58 | |
| 46252811 | Allosteric enzymes | two kinds of binding sites—one an active site for the substrate and one an allosteric site | 59 | |
| 46252812 | Allosteric Activator | binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's active form | 60 | |
| 46252813 | Allosteric Inhibitor | binds to the enzyme and induces the enzyme's inactive form | 61 | |
| 46252814 | Feedback Inhibition | end product of a series of reactions acts as an allosteric inhibitor, shutting down one of the enzymes | 62 | |
| 46252815 | Competitive Inhibition | substance that mimics the substrate inhibits an enzyme by occupying the active site. (displaces the substrate and prevents the enzyme from catalyzing the substrate) | 63 | |
| 46252816 | Noncompetitive Inhibition | substance inhibits the action of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme at a location. Changes shape of enzyme, disabling enzymatic activity | 64 |
