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| 7978802686 | Organic Chemistry | The chemistry of living things |  | 0 |
| 7978802687 | Inorganic Chemistry | The chemistry of nonliving matter |  | 1 |
| 7978802688 | Organic Molecules | Molecules that contain --both-- carbon and hydrogen atoms |  | 2 |
| 7978802689 | Biomolecules | The four main molecules in biology: carbs, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids |  | 3 |
| 7978802690 | Carbon | One of the most important organic elements that have the ability to form large, complex, and diverse molecules. Important properties include: - contains 4 valence elections - can form up to 4 covalent bonds - can create single, double, or triple covalent bond - Can form large, chained, or branched molecules |  | 4 |
| 7978802691 | Functional Group | Specific combination of bonded atoms that always react in the same way, regardless of the carbon skeleton |  | 5 |
| 7978802692 | Hydroxyl | Functional group that: - is polar, forms hydrogen bonds - present in sugars, some amino acids - just the addition of OH |  | 6 |
| 7978802695 | Carboxyl | Functional group that: - polar & acidic - present in fatty acids; forms amino acids |  | 7 |
| 7978802696 | Amino | Functional group that: - is polar, basic, forms hydrogen bonds - present in amino acids |  | 8 |
| 7978802698 | Phosphate | Functional group that: - polar & acidic - Present in nucleotides & phospholipids |  | 9 |
| 7978802700 | Monomers | Subunits of polymers |  | 10 |
| 7978802701 | Polymers | Largest of the biomolecules that are constructed by linking together monomers |  | 11 |
| 7978802702 | Dehydration Reaction | A process that is used to synthesize a biomolecule by removing water (H2O) |  | 12 |
| 7978802703 | Hydrolysis | A process that is used to break down biomolecules by adding water to the reaction |  | 13 |
| 7978802704 | Enzyme | A molecule that speeds a reaction by bringing reactants together and helping them form new molecules |  | 14 |
| 7978802705 | Carbohydrates | An organic biomolecule that is composed of hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen (CH2O) Its function is to provide fast energy, provide short-term energy storage, and provide structure. Monomer = monosaccharide Polymer = polysaccharide |  | 15 |
| 7978802706 | Monosaccharides | The monomer of carbohydrates that are composed of only a single simple sugar molecule (aka simple sugars). |  | 16 |
| 7978802707 | Glucose | The most important hexose (monosaccharide) that has the formula C6H12O6 and is critical to biological function as a big source of energy |  | 17 |
| 7978802710 | Polysaccharide | The polymer of Carbohydrates that can take on many different forms for plants and animals. They provide short-term energy storage and fast energy access. |  | 18 |
| 7978802711 | Starch | A polysaccharide that is used by plants for energy storage. These are mostly in linear shape since plants don't move and can break down this carbohydrate slowly. |  | 19 |
| 7978802712 | Glycogen | A polysaccharide that is used by animals and takes the form of branched carbs. Because they are branched, the animal has several ends of this carbohydrate to break down for energy much more quickly than plants. |  | 20 |
| 7978802713 | Cellulose | The most abundant organic (and carbohydrate) compound on Earth that can't be digested by humans. This carbohydrate is only digested by microorganisms, especially those found in other animals like cows. |  | 21 |
| 7978802714 | Chitin | A structural carbohydrate that is found in fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of organisms. |  | 22 |
| 7978802715 | Lipids | A group of organic biomolecules that are insoluble (hydrophobic) in water due to hydrocarbon chains found in these. Their primary functions are for insulation and long-term energy storage. |  | 23 |
| 7978802716 | Fatty Acid | A subunit of lipids that have a long hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. They come in the form of unsaturated and saturated fats. |  | 24 |
| 7978802717 | Saturated Fats | A type of fatty acid that has no double bonds between the carbons, which compactly stores as many hydrogens as possible. They form a straight linear form and are found solids at room temperature. (ex. animal fats & triglycerides) |  | 25 |
| 7978802718 | Unsaturated Fats | A type of fatty acid that has at least one double bond between the carbons, which loosely stores hydrogens and forms crooked (kinks in double bonds) branches. They are usually liquid at room temperature. (ex. margarine & plant oils). |  | 26 |
| 7978802719 | Glycerol | A subunit of lipids that is a 3-carbon compound with three hydroxyl (OH) groups. |  | 27 |
| 7978802720 | Phospholipids | A type of lipid that contains a phosphate group and its primary function is to form cell membranes in ALL cells. Its form contains a polar (hydrophilic) head and nonpolar (hydrophobic) tails. They wholly take the forms of a circle (heads on the outside) or a double wall (heads on the outside). |  | 28 |
| 7978802721 | Steroids | A type of lipid with a backbone of 4-carbon rings and contain different attached groups. (ex. hormones & cholesterol) |  | 29 |
| 7978802722 | Hormones | Messenger steroid lipids that contain signals and go throughout the body delivering these signals |  | 30 |
| 7978802723 | Cholesterol | A type of lipid that forms steroids. They are necessary for flexibility maintenance & starting molecules to make other steroids. |  | 31 |
| 7978802724 | Protein | An organic biomolecule that is basically involved in almost everything biological. Functions: - Enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase, etc.) - Structure (keratin, collagen, etc.) - Carrier & transport (hemoglobin) - Cell communication (insulin & other hormones) - Defense (antibodies) - Movement (building muscle) Monomer: amino acid Polymer: polypeptide chain |  | 32 |
| 7978802725 | Peptide Bond | A type of bond found in proteins that connect two amino acids together at the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another (H2O Dehydration Synthesis) (formed at C-N) |  | 33 |
| 7978802726 | Amino Acid | The monomer of proteins and all must contain a central carbon group, an amino group, and a carboxyl group. There are 20 of these, 9 of which are produced by human bodies. They differ in the R-Groups about the central carbons. |  | 34 |
| 7978802727 | Primary Structure | The first structure of the protein where the sequence of amino acids is arranged and determined by DNA and is held together by peptide bonds. |  | 35 |
| 7978802728 | Secondary Structure | The second structure of the protein where there is local folding along the protein through hydrogen bonds about the amino & carboxyl groups. Proteins either take the shape of an alpha helix or a beta-pleated sheet. |  | 36 |
| 7978802729 | Alpha Helix | A secondary structure of a protein that forms a helix. |  | 37 |
| 7978802730 | Beta-Pleated Sheet | A secondary structure of a protein that forms a flat sheet |  | 38 |
| 7978802731 | Tertiary Structure | The third structure of a protein where the whole protein is folded through hydrophobic interactions, ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonding, and through disulfide bridges. These interactions usually occur about the R-Groups of amino acids. |  | 39 |
| 7978802732 | Quaternary Structure | The fourth structure of a protein where two or more proteins interact with each other through hydrophobic interactions, ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonding, and disulfide bridges at the R-Groups. |  | 40 |
| 7978802733 | Denaturing | The breaking down of a protein through the destruction of some of its bonds. Form = function ; if form is modified, so is the function This can happen if the temperature, pH level, or salinity changes drastically. |  | 41 |
| 7978802734 | Nucleic Acids | An organic biomolecule that stores genetic information and provides instructions for life. Monomer: nucleotide |  | 42 |
| 7978802735 | DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) | A type of nucleic acid that stores information about how to copy/replicate itself and specifies the order of amino acids to make a protein. |  | 43 |
| 7978802736 | RNA (Ribonucleic Acid) | A type of nucleic acid that creates copies of a gene in DNA in Meiosis and Mitosis. |  | 44 |
| 7978802737 | Nucleotide | The monomer of nucleic acids that contains a pentose sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base through hydrogen bonds. They come in the form of pyrimidines and purines. (Cytosine::Guanine, Adenine::Thymine) (Adenine::Uracil) |  | 45 |
| 7978802738 | Pyrimidines | A group of nucleotides that contain a single ring Nitrogenous base in Cytosine, Thymine, and Uracil. They can only be paired with a purine. |  | 46 |
| 7978802739 | Purines | A group of nucleotides that contain a double ring Nitrogenous base in Adenine & Guanine. These can only be paired with a pyrimidine. |  | 47 |
