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| 11519200099 | metabolism | totatily of an organism's chemical reactions; as a whole manages the material and energy resources of the cell | 0 | |
| 11519200100 | catabolic pathway | leads to the release of energy by the breakdown of complex molecules to simpler compounds | 1 | |
| 11519200101 | anabolic pathways | consume energy to build complicated molecules from simpler ones | 2 | |
| 11519200102 | energy | capacity to do work | 3 | |
| 11519200103 | kinetic energy | anything that is moving | 4 | |
| 11519200104 | potential energy | stored energy due to position or structure | 5 | |
| 11519200105 | chemical energy | form of potential energy; stored in molecules and the amount of chemical energy a molecule possesses depends on its chemical bonds | 6 | |
| 11519200106 | thermodynamics | study of energy transformations that occur in matter | 7 | |
| 11519200107 | first law of thermodynamics | energy in the universe is constant and energy can be transferred and transformed but not created or destroyed | 8 | |
| 11519200108 | second law of thermodynamics | every energy transformation or transfer increases entropy | 9 | |
| 11519200109 | free energy | part of a system's energy that is able to perform work when the temperature of a system is uniform | 10 | |
| 11519200110 | △G | symbol for change in free energy | 11 | |
| 11519200111 | exergonic reaction | reaction in which energy is released; occurs spontaneously and releases free energy into the system (△G < 0) | 12 | |
| 11519200112 | endergonic reaction | reaction that requires energy in order to proceed; absorb free energy (△G > 0) | 13 | |
| 11519200113 | energy coupling | use of an exergonic process to drive an endergonic process; main energy cell is ATP | 14 | |
| 11519200114 | ATP | nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed; energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cell |  | 15 |
| 11519200115 | ADP | when ATP transfers one phosphate group through hydrolysis | 16 | |
| 11519200116 | catalysts | substances that can change the rate of a reaction without being altered in the process | 17 | |
| 11519200117 | enzymes | macromolecules that are biological catalysts | 18 | |
| 11519200118 | activation energy | amount of energy it takes to start a reaction-amount of energy it takes to break the bonds of the reactant molecules | 19 | |
| 11519200119 | substrate | the reactant that the enzyme acts on | 20 | |
| 11519200120 | active site | part of the enzyme that binds to the substrate | 21 | |
| 11519200123 | competitive inhibitors | reversible inhibitors that compete with the substrate for the active site on the enzyme; often chemically very similar to the normal substrate reduces efficiency of enzyme as it competes for active site | 22 | |
| 11519200124 | noncompetitive inhibitors | impede enzyme activity by binding to another part of the enzyme; causes enzyme to change its shape, rendering the active site nonfuctional | 23 | |
| 11519200125 | allosteric regulation | binding of a regulatory molecule to a protein at one site that affects the function of the protein at a different site | 24 | |
| 11519200126 | feedback inhibition | increases the efficiency of the pathway by turning it off when the end product accumulates in the cell | 25 | |
| 11519200127 | cellular respiration | the catabolic pathways of aerobic and anaerobic respiration, which break down organic molecules and use an electron transport chain for the production of ATP | 26 | |
| 11519200129 | fermentation | partial degradation of sugars that occurs without the use of oxygen | 27 | |
| 11519200130 | aerobic respiration | the most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel | 28 | |
| 11519200132 | oxidation | the loss of one or more electrons from a reactant | 29 | |
| 11519200133 | reduction | the gain of one or more electron | 30 | |
| 11519200134 | Three Stages of cellular respiration | glycolysis, citric acid cycle , oxidative phosphorylation | 31 | |
| 11519200135 | glycolysis | occurs in cytosol, degradation of glucose begins as it is broken down into two pyruvate molecules; the six carbon glucose molecule is split into two three-carbon sugars through a long series of steps | 32 | |
| 11519200136 | after glycolysis... | pyruvate is oxidized to acetyl CoA | 33 | |
| 11519200137 | Citric Acid Cycle | a chemical cycle involving eight steps that completes the metabolic breakdown of glucose molecules begun in glycolysis by oxidizing acetyl CoA to CO2; occurs within the mitochondrion in eukaryotic cells and in the cytosol of prokaryotes; together with pyruvate oxidation, the second major stage in cellular respiration | 34 | |
| 11519200138 | ATP synthase | a complex of several membrane proteins that functions in chemiosmosis with adjacent electron transport chains, using the energy of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient to make ATP | 35 | |
| 11519200139 | chemiosmosis | uses energy stored in the form of an H+ gradient across a membrane to drive cellular work | 36 | |
| 11519200140 | anaerobic respiration | by certain prokaryotes generates ATP without oxygen using an electron transport chain | 37 | |
| 11519200142 | alcohol fermentation | pyruvate is converted to ethanol, releasing CO2 and oxidizing NADH in the process to create more NAD+ | 38 | |
| 11519200143 | lactic acid fermentation | pyruvate is reduced by NADH and lactate is formed as a waste product | 39 | |
| 11519200144 | facultative anaerobes | can make ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present but can switch to fermentation under anaerobic conditions | 40 | |
| 11519200145 | photosynthesis | the conversion of light energy to chemical energy that is stored in sugars or other organic compounds, occurs in plants, algae, and certain prokaryotes | 41 | |
| 11519200146 | autotrophs | "self-feeders"; sustain themselves without eating anything derived from other organisms (producers) | 42 | |
| 11519200147 | heterotrophs | live on compounds produced by other organisms (consumers and decomposers) | 43 | |
| 11519200148 | chloroplasts | an organelle found in plants and photosynthetic protists that absorb sunlight and uses it to drive synthesis of organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water | 44 | |
| 11519200149 | stroma | the dense fluid within the chloroplast surrounding the thylakoid membrane and containing ribosomes and DNA; involved in the synthesis of organic molecules from CO2 and water | 45 | |
| 11519200150 | thylakoids | a flattened, membranous sac inside a chloroplast; exist in stacks called grana; membranes contain molecular "machinery" used to convert light to energy to chemical energy | 46 | |
| 11519200152 | chlorophyll | located in thylakoid membrane and is the light absorbing pigment that drives photosynthesis and gives plants a green color | 47 | |
| 11519200153 | stomata | tiny pores on the epidermis of a leaf through which carbon dioxide enters and oxygen and water vapor exit the leaf; loss of water through open stomata is transpiration | 48 | |
| 11519200154 | light reactions | the first of two major stages in photosynthesis; these reactions, which occur on the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast or on membranes of certain prokaryotes, convert solar energy to the chemical energy of ATP and NADPH, releasing O2 in the process | 49 | |
| 11519200156 | Calvin cycle | second of two major stages in photosynthesis involving fixation of atmospheric CO2 and reduction of the fixed carbon into carbohydrate | 50 | |
| 11519200157 | carbon fixation | the initial incorporation of carbon from CO2 into an organic compound by an autotrophic organism | 51 | |
| 11519200158 | absorption spectrum | the range of a pigment's ability to absorb various wavelengths of light | 52 | |
| 11519200159 | action spectrum | a graph that profiles the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of radiation in driving a particular spectrum | 53 | |
| 11519200160 | light harvesting complex | a complex of proteins associated with pigment molecules that captures light energy and transfers it to reaction-center pigments in a photosystem | 54 | |
| 11519200161 | primary electron acceptor | in the thylakoid membrane of a chloroplast or in the membrane of some prokaryotes, a specialized molecule that shares the reaction-center complex with a pair of chlorophyll a molecules and that accept an electron from them | 55 | |
| 11519200164 | linear electron flow | a route of electron flow during the light reactions of photosynthesis that involves PSI & PSII and produces NADPH, ATP, and O2 | 56 | |
| 11519200165 | rubisco | RuBP carboxylase, the enzyme that catalyzes the first step of the Calvin cycle | 57 | |
| 11519200166 | photorespiration | a metabolic pathway that consumes O2 and ATP, releases CO2 and decreases photsynthetic output | 58 |
