The Chemistry of Life
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| 5187810665 | matter | anything that takes up space and has mass | 0 | |
| 5187810666 | element | substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions | 1 | |
| 5187810667 | compound | substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio | 2 | |
| 5187810668 | Which four elements make up 96% of living matter? | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen | 3 | |
| 5187810669 | How many of the 92 elements are known to be essential to life? | 25 | 4 | |
| 5187810670 | trace elements | those required by organisms in only minute quantities | 5 | |
| 5187810671 | atoms | smallest unit of an element that still retains the property of the element; composed of neutrons, protons, electrons | 6 | |
| 5187810672 | protons | positively charged particles, found in the nucleus and determine the element | 7 | |
| 5187810673 | electrons | negatively charged particles found in electron shells around the nucleus, determine the chemical properties and reactivity of the element | 8 | |
| 5187810674 | neutrons | particles with no charge, found in the nucleus; their number can vary in the same element, causing isotopes | 9 | |
| 5187810675 | isotopes | forms of an element with different numbers of neutrons | 10 | |
| 5187810676 | atomic number | number of protons an element possesses, unique to every element | 11 | |
| 5187810677 | mass number | sum of an element's protons and neutrons | 12 | |
| 5187810678 | How to read an element of the periodic table. |  | 13 | |
| 5187810679 | chemical bonds | defined as interactions between the valence electrons of different atoms, hold together atoms to form molecules | 14 | |
| 5187810680 | covalent bond | occur when valence electrons are shared by two atoms | 15 | |
| 5187810681 | nonpolar covalent bonds | occur when the electrons being shared are shared equally between two atoms | 16 | |
| 5187810682 | electronegativity | a tendency to attract electrons of a covalent bond; oxygen is extremely electronegative | 17 | |
| 5187810683 | polar covalent bond | one atom has a greater electronegativity than the other, resulting in the unequal sharing of electrons |  | 18 |
| 5187810684 | ionic bonds | bonds in which two atoms attract valence electrons so unequally that the more electronegative atom steals the electron away from the less electronegative atom; occur because these ions will be either +/- charged | 19 | |
| 5187810685 | ion | resulting charged atom or molecule | 20 | |
| 5187810686 | hydrogen bonds | relatively weak bonds that form between the partial positively charged hydrogen atom of one molecule and the strongly electronegative oxygen or nitrogen of another molecule | 21 | |
| 5187810687 | Van der Waals interactions | very weak, transient connections that are the result of asymmetrical distribution of electrons within a molecule, contribute to the 3D shape of molecules | 22 | |
| 5187810688 | chemical reaction | shows the reactants and products | 23 | |
| 5187810689 | reactants | starting materials | 24 | |
| 5187810690 | products | ending materials | 25 | |
| 5187810691 | What does the coefficient in front of each molecule in a chemical reaction signify? | number of molecules involved | 26 | |
| 5187810692 | The number of atoms of each element is the ____ on each side of the reaction. | same | 27 | |
| 5187810693 | chemical equilibirum | the point at which the forward and reverse reactions offset one another exactly, their concentrations have stabilized at a particular ratio, but they are not necessarily equal | 28 | |
| 5187810694 | Describe the structure of water. | Water is composed of one atom of oxygen and two atoms of hydrogen, bonded to form a molecule. | 29 | |
| 5187810695 | Describe the polarity of a water molecule. | The oxygen region of the molecule has a partial negative charge, and each hydrogen has a partial positive charge. | 30 | |
| 5187810696 | What type of bond holds water molecules together? | hydrogen bonds | 31 | |
| 5187810697 | How many hydrogen bonds can each water molecule form at a time? | four | 32 | |
| 5187810698 | Name the four water properties. | 1. cohesion 2. high specific heat 3. ice floats 4. universal solvent | 33 | |
| 5187810699 | cohesion | the linking of water molecules | 34 | |
| 5187810700 | surface tension | allows a water strider to walk on top of a pond due as a result of cohesion | 35 | |
| 5187810701 | adhesion | clinging of one substance to another ex: water droplets to a windshield | 36 | |
| 5187810702 | transpiration | movement of water molecules up the very thin xylem tubes and their evaporation from the stomata in plants | 37 | |
| 5187810703 | How do water molecules cling to each other? | cohesion | 38 | |
| 5187810704 | How do water molecules cling to the walls of xylem tubes (capillary action)? | adhesion | 39 | |
| 5187810705 | specific heat | the amount of heat required to raise or lower the temperature of a substance by 1 degree C | 40 | |
| 5187810706 | What is a practical application of water's high specific heat? | makes the temperature of Earth's oceans relatively stable and able to support vast quantities of both plant and animal life | 41 | |
| 5187810707 | Why does ice float? | water is less dense as a solid than in its liquid state, allowing ice to float; this keeps large bodies of water from freezing solid and moderating temperature | 42 | |
| 5187810708 | solvent | substance that something is dissolved in | 43 | |
| 5187810709 | solute | substance being dissolved | 44 | |
| 5187810710 | solution | the combination of solvent and solute | 45 | |
| 5187810711 | hydrophillic substances | water-soluble, these include ionic compounds, polar molecules, and some proteins | 46 | |
| 5187810712 | hydrophobic substances | nonpolar and do not dissolve in water, oils | 47 | |
| 5187810713 | pH scale | runs between 0 and 14 and measures the relative acidity and alkalinity of aqueous solutions |  | 48 |
| 5187810714 | acids | have an excess of H+ ions and pH below 7 | 49 | |
| 5187810715 | bases | have an excess of OH- ions and pH above 7 | 50 | |
| 5187810716 | What is the pH of pure water? | neutral, pH of 7 | 51 | |
| 5187810717 | buffers | substances that minimize changes in pH, they accept H+ from the solution when they are in excess and donate H+ when they are depleted | 52 | |
| 5187810718 | carbonic acid (H2CO3) | an important buffer in living systems, moderates pH changes in blood plasma and the ocean | 53 | |
| 5187810719 | What are the major elements of life? | PSCOHN, phosphorus, sulfate, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen | 54 | |
| 5187810720 | organic compounds | contain carbon and hydrogen | 55 | |
| 5187810721 | Is the artificial synthesis of organic compounds possible? | yes | 56 | |
| 5187810722 | Stanley Miller experiment 1953 | showed that the complex organic molecules could arise spontaneously | 57 | |
| 5187810723 | Why is carbon so unique? | it has four valence electrons, it can form up to four covalent bonds, single/double/triple covalent bonds, can form large molecules, chains/ring-shaped/branched molecules | 58 | |
| 5187810724 | isomers | molecules that have the same molecular formula but differ in their arrangement of these atoms, can result in molecules that are very different in biological activities ex: glucose and fructose | 59 | |
| 5187810725 | functional groups | attached to the carbon skeleton and have diverse properties; the behavior of these organic molecules is dependent on the identity of functional groups | 60 | |
| 5187810726 | hydroxyl | OH ex: alcohols such as ethanol, methanol function: helps dissolve molecules like sugars | 61 | |
| 5187810727 | carboxyl | COOH ex: carboxylic acids like fatty acids and sugars function: acidic properties because tend to ionize, source of H+ ions | 62 | |
| 5187810728 | carbonyl | CO ex: ketones and aldehydes like sugars | 63 | |
| 5187810729 | amino | NH2 ex: amines such as amino acids | 64 | |
| 5187810730 | phosphate | PO3 ex: organic phosphates like ATP, DNA, and phospholipids | 65 | |
| 5187810731 | sulfhydryl | SH found in some amino acids, forms disulfide bridges in proteins | 66 | |
| 5187810732 | methyl | CH3 the addition of this group affects the expression of genes | 67 | |
| 5187810733 | polymers | long chain molecules made of repeating subunits called monomers ex: starch is a polymer composed of glucose monomers |  | 68 |
| 5187810734 | dehydration reactions | create polymers from monomers in which two monomers are joined by removing one molecule of water |  | 69 |
| 5187810735 | hydrolysis | occurs when water is added to split large molecules, occurs in reverse of dehydration reactions |  | 70 |
| 5187810736 | carbohydrates | include both simple sugars and polymers; all exists in a ratio of 1C:2H:1O | 71 | |
| 5187810737 | monosaccharides | monomers of carbohydrates ex: glucose and ribose | 72 | |
| 5187810738 | polysaccharides | polymers of monosaccharides ex: starch, cellulose, glycogen | 73 | |
| 5187810739 | What are the two functions of polysaccharides? | energy storage and structural support | 74 | |
| 5187810740 | Provide two examples of energy storage polysaccharides. | starch, glycogen | 75 | |
| 5187810741 | starch | storage polysaccharide found in plants ex: potatoes | 76 | |
| 5187810742 | glycogen | storage polysaccharide found in animals, vertebrate muscle cells, liver cells | 77 | |
| 5187810743 | Provide two examples of structural support polysaccharides. | cellulose, chitin | 78 | |
| 5187810744 | cellulose | major component of plant cell walls | 79 | |
| 5187810745 | chitin | found in the exoskeleton of arthropods, like lobsters and insects and the cell walls of fungi | 80 | |
| 5187810746 | lipids | all hydrophobic, are not polymers and are assembled from a variety of components ex: waxes, oils, fats, steroids | 81 | |
| 5187810747 | fats | also called triglycerides, made up of a glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules | 82 | |
| 5187810748 | fatty acids | include hydrocarbon chains of variable lengths, chains are nonpolar and hydrophobic | 83 | |
| 5187810749 | saturated fatty acids | have no double bonds between carbons, tend to pack solidly at room temperature, are linked to cardiovascular disease, commonly produced by animals ex: butter, lard | 84 | |
| 5187810750 | unsaturated fatty acids | have some carbon double bonds resulting in kinks, tend to be liquid at room temperature, commonly produced by plants ex: corn oil, olive oil | 85 | |
| 5187810751 | What are the functions of lipids? | energy storage and protection of vital organs and insulation | 86 | |
| 5187810752 | Describe the energy storage of lipids. | fats store twice as many calories per gram as carbohydrates | 87 | |
| 5187810753 | Where is fat stored? | adipose cells | 88 | |
| 5187810754 | phospholipids | make up cell membranes, have a glycerol backbone (hydrophilic head), have two fatty acid tails (hydrophobic), arranged in a bilayer forming the cell membrane |  | 89 |
| 5187810755 | steroids | made up of four rings that are fused together | 90 | |
| 5187810756 | cholesterol | steroid, component common of cell membranes | 91 | |
| 5187810757 | What are examples of steroid hormones? | estrogen and testosterone | 92 | |
| 5187810758 | proteins | polymers made up of amino acid monomers | 93 | |
| 5187810759 | amino acids | contain a central carbon bonded to a carboxyl group, an amino group, a hydrogen atom, and an R group (variable group or side chain) |  | 94 |
| 5187810760 | peptide bonds | link amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis | 95 | |
| 5187810761 | What are the four levels of protein structure? | primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary |  | 96 |
| 5187810762 | primary structure | the unique sequence in which amino acids are joined | 97 | |
| 5187810763 | secondary structure | refers to one of two three-dimensional shapes that are the result of hydrogen bonding: alpha helix and beta pleated sheet | 98 | |
| 5187810764 | alpha helix | coiled shape, much like a slinky |  | 99 |
| 5187810765 | beta pleated sheet | accordion shape |  | 100 |
| 5187810766 | tertiary structure | results in a complex globular shape, due to interactions between R groups, such as hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonds, disulfide bridges | 101 | |
| 5187810767 | How are globular proteins held in position? | R group interactions | 102 | |
| 5187810768 | quaternary structure | refers to the association of two or more polypeptide chains into one large protein ex: hemoglobin | 103 | |
| 5187810769 | Protein shape is crucial to... | protein function. When a protein does not fold properly, its function is changed. | 104 | |
| 5187810770 | chaperonins | protein molecules that assist in the proper folding of proteins within cells, provide an isolating environment in which a polypeptide chain may attain final confirmation | 105 | |
| 5187810771 | denatured | result of a protein that has lost its shape and ability to function due to change in heat, pH, or some other disturbance | 106 | |
| 5187810772 | What are the two nucleic acids? | DNA and RNA | 107 | |
| 5187810773 | What are the monomers of nucleic acids? | nucleotidea | 108 | |
| 5187810774 | What are the three components of nucleotides? | nitrogenous bases (A, T, C, G, U) pentose (5C sugar, either ribose/deoxyribose) phosphate group |  | 109 |
| 5187810775 | Describe DNA. | molecule of heredity, double-stranded helix, A bonds to T, C bonds to G | 110 | |
| 5187810776 | Describe RNA. | single stranded, does not contain Thymine (Uracil instead) | 111 |
