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AP Biology: Transcription & Translation Flashcards

chapter 14

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9273033648Central dogma of medicinesequence of information is DNA → RNA → proteins0
9273033649RNAsingle stranded, ribose is the sugar, nitrogenous bases=A,U,C,G1
9273033650DNAdouble stranded, deoxyribose is the sugar, nitrogenous bases=A,T,C,G2
9273033651Prokaryotic transcription & translationall in cytoplasm (no nucleus); mRNA made directly into protein (no splicing); transcription and translation can occur at same time on same strand3
9273033652Eukaryotic transcription & translationhas nucleus; original mRNA molecule modified and sent to ribosomes for translation4
9273033653pre-mRNAnewly transcribed and non-edited mRNA5
9273033654Three main types of RNAmessenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), & ribosomal RNA (rRNA); all have different structures/functions6
9273033655Messenger RNAsingle stranded; created during transcription using DNA code7
9273033656Transfer RNAcloverleaf shaped molecule; "reads" mRNA code during translation; each tRNA carries a specific amino acid and "reads" a specific mRNA sequence; has lots of G & C nucleotides b/c they're stronger (3 bonds, not 2)8
9273033657Ribosomal RNAglobular molecule; along with proteins, makes up ribosomes; no specific role in translation/transcription; structural rather than informational9
9273033658snRNAsmall nuclear RNA; part of spliceosome; structural and catalytic roles10
9273033659srpRNAsignal recognition particle that binds to signal peptides11
9273033660RNAiinterference RNA; a regulatory molecule12
9273033661miRNA/siRNAmicro/small interfering RNA; bind to mRNA or DNA to block it, regulate gene expression, or cut it up13
9273033662RibozymeRNA that functions as an enzyme (snRNP) and self-edit/splice out own introns14
9273033663Location of transcriptionnucleus (for eukaryotes)15
92730336643 steps of transcriptioninitiation, elongation, and termination16
9273033665Initiation step of transcriptionRNA polymerase binds to promoter region of DNA and separates strands, moving in 5' → 3' direction (does not need primer)17
9273033666Elongation step of transcriptionRNA chain grows in 5' → 3' direction as free nucleotides pair with nucleotides on template strand; non-coding strand reforms double helix18
9273033667Termination step of transcriptiontranscription proceeds until reaches terminator site on DNA; RNA molecule then released19
9273033668Additions to pre-mRNA during processingfor protection GTP "cap" added to 5' end and polyA "tail" added to 3' end20
9273033669Intronnon-coding DNA segment; removed by snRNP before mRNA travels to ribosome21
9273033670Exoncoding DNA segment that determines traits of organism (codes for proteins)22
9273033671snRNPenzymes made of proteins and RNA; part of spliceosome23
9273033672UTRuntranslatable sequence at each end of mRNA24
9273033673Benefit of intronsallows alternative splicing (introns and exons can vary), which allows for many combinations of genes25
9273033674Useful characteristics of mRNAsingle-stranded so can exit nuclear pores; has triplets (groups of 3 nucleotides) called "codons" that are read by tRNA triplets called "anticodons" via complementary base pairing26
9273033675Useful characteristics of tRNAcloverleaf structure; each tRNA attaches to different amino acid; anticodon matches with mRNA's codon to "read" and translate it into amino acid27
9273033676Ribosome structuremade of rRNA and proteins; large and small subunits join to form functional ribosome when mRNA present28
9273033677rRNA productionmade in nucleolus, assembled with proteins from cytoplasm to make ribosomes29
92730336783 binding sites for trNA in ribosomeA (aminoacyl-tRNA) site, P (peptidyl-tRNA) site, and E (exit) site30
92730336793 steps of translationinitiation, elongation and termination (same as transcription)31
9273033680Initiation step of translationsmall ribosomal subunit attaches to 5' end of mRNA ('start' codon - AUG); tRNA carries 1st amino acid (Met) to mRNA; large ribosomal subunit attaches to mRNA32
9273033681Elongation step of translationribosome moves along mRNA and matches anticodons with codons; tRNA attaches to mRNA in A site; tRNA moves to P site; new amino acid moves to A site; polypeptide bond forms between amino acids; tRNA in P site releases amino acid and enters E site then exits33
9273033682Termination step of translationoccurs when ribosome encounters 'stop' codon; ribosome subunits detach, releasing mRNA and polypeptide (mRNA can be "re-read")34
9273033683Polysomesstrings of ribosomes that can work on same mRNA at same time to increase efficiency of translation35
9273033684Redundancy in genetic code64 codons code from 20 amino acids (accounts for wobble)36
9273033685Wobblecodons for the same amino acid often differ in 3rd base37
9273033686Post-translational modificationchanges that happen to polypeptide after translation in order to make fully folded protein (example: chaperonins); correct folding is very important! (misfolded proteins causes many diseases, like Mad Cow)38
9273033687Chaperoninsbarrel shaped proteins molecules that help wrap protein into 3D shape39
9273033688Types of post-translational modificationsmolecular groups added (sugars, lipids, phosphates, etc.); and/or amino acid segments removed40
9273033689Mutagensenvironmental factors that cause mutations (example: radiation & cigarette smoke)41
9273033690Carcinogenmutagen that causes change in genes that regulate cell cycle/division42
92730336912 main types of mutationspoint mutation & frameshift mutation43
9273033692Point mutationchange in one base pair of a gene (substitution: replace one base with another)44
92730336933 types/effects of point mutationssilent, missense, & nonsense45
9273033694Silent mutationchanges one base, but codes for same amino acid46
9273033695Missense mutationchange in one base codes for another amino acid (example: sickle cell disease)47
9273033696Nonsense mutationchange in one base codes for a stop codon (makes nonfunctional protein that is terminated early)48
9273033697Frameshift mutationmutation affects all nucleotides/codon groupings farther along DNA/RNA code49
92730336982 types of frameshift mutationsinsertion and deletion50
9273033699Insertion mutationadding extra nucleotides; causes frameshift unless multiple of 3 is added51
9273033700Deletion mutationremoving nucleotides; causes frameshift unless multiple of 3 is removed52

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