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| 5093829401 | Catabolic pathways | metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules into smaller units to release energy | 0 | |
| 5093829402 | Word Roots: -lysis | split (glycolysis: the splitting of glucose into pyruvate) | 1 | |
| 5093829403 | proton charge | +1, | 2 | |
| 5093829404 | proton mass in amu. | 1 | 3 | |
| 5093829405 | electron charge | -1 | 4 | |
| 5093829406 | neutron charge | 0 | 5 | |
| 5093829407 | proton location | nucleus | 6 | |
| 5093829408 | neutron location | nucleus | 7 | |
| 5093829409 | electron location | outside nucleus in orbitals | 8 | |
| 5093829410 | electron mass in amu. | 0 | 9 | |
| 5093829411 | neutron mass in amu. | 1 | 10 | |
| 5093829412 | isotopes | atoms of one element that vary only in amount of neutrons. chemically identical. | 11 | |
| 5093829413 | ionic bonds | transfer of electrons | 12 | |
| 5093829414 | Anion | an atom that gains electrons (negative ion) | 13 | |
| 5093829415 | Cation | an atom that loses an electron (positive ion) | 14 | |
| 5093829416 | covalent bonds | atoms share electrons, creating a molecule | 15 | |
| 5093829417 | single covalent bond | two atoms share a pair of electrons | 16 | |
| 5093829418 | non-polar bond | electrons are shared equally between two identical atoms. H-H. will not dissolve in water | 17 | |
| 5093829419 | polar bond | atoms are shared unequally. C-H. will dissolve in water polar bond does not necessarily equal polar molecule | 18 | |
| 5093829420 | specific heat | the amount of heat a substance must absorb to increase 1 gram of the substance by 1C | 19 | |
| 5093829421 | bicarbonate ion | blood buffer | 20 | |
| 5093829422 | universal solvent | water | 21 | |
| 5093829423 | organic compound | a compound that contains carbon | 22 | |
| 5093829424 | carbon | always forms 4 covalent bonds with carbon atoms as well as to atoms of many other elements | 23 | |
| 5093829425 | major classes of organic compounds | carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids | 24 | |
| 5093829426 | ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in a carbohydrate | 2/1 | 25 | |
| 5093829427 | empirical formula for all carbs | Cm(H2O)n | 26 | |
| 5093829428 | three classes of carbs | monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. | 27 | |
| 5093829429 | monosaccharides | chemical formula: C6 H12 O6. Glucose, galactose, and fructose (isomers of one another). | 28 | |
| 5093829430 | disaccharides | chem formula: C12 H22 O11. consist of two monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis/condensation (removal of one molecule of water) | 29 | |
| 5093829431 | hydrolysis | breakdown of a compound. reverse of dehydration synthesis | 30 | |
| 5093829432 | sucrose + water --> glucose + fructose | hydrolysis | 31 | |
| 5093829433 | polysaccharides | polymers of carbohydrates and are formed as many monos. join via dehydration synthesis. | 32 | |
| 5093829434 | five important polysaccharides | cellulose, starch, chitin, glycogen, peptidoglycan | 33 | |
| 5093829435 | chitin | important polysaccharide, found in animals. makes up exoskeleton in arthropods (and cell walls in mushrooms) Contains peptide cross bridges. | 34 | |
| 5093829436 | glycogen | important polysaccharide, "animal starch". stored in liver and skeletal muscle in humans. | 35 | |
| 5093829437 | lipids | functions: energy storage, structure, and endocrine. organic compouds: fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. hydrophobic. consist of 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids. | 36 | |
| 5093829438 | glycerol | a trihydoroxy alcohol | 37 | |
| 5093829439 | fatty acid | a longnhydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. either saturated or unsaturated |  | 38 |
| 5093829440 | steroids | lipid based hormones ex: testosterone, cholesterol, and estradiol. | 39 | |
| 5093829441 | saturated fats | generally come from animals, solid at room temp, linked to heart disease. ex: butter! |  | 40 |
| 5093829442 | proteins | enzymes, most hormones, antibodies, structural, pigments etc.... | 41 | |
| 5093829443 | -OH | hydroxyl group | 42 | |
| 5093829444 | -COOH | carboxyl |  | 43 |
| 5093829445 | -NH2 | amino |  | 44 |
| 5093829446 | PO4-2 | phosphate group |  | 45 |
| 5093829447 | dipeptide | a molecule consisting of tow amino acids connected by one peptide bond | 46 | |
| 5093829448 | nucleic acid | either RNA or DNA. polymers, carry all heriditary info. made of nucleotides. | 47 | |
| 5093829449 | nucleic acid make-up | a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar, nitrogenous base | 48 | |
| 5093829450 | induced fit | The change in shape of the active site of an enzyme, induced by entry of the substrate so that it binds more snugly to the substrate. | 49 | |
| 5093829451 | kinetic energy | The energy of motion; the energy of a mass of matter that is moving. Moving matter does work by imparting motion to other matter. | 50 | |
| 5093829452 | metabolic pathway | A series of chemical reactions that either builds a complex molecule or breaks down a complex molecule into simpler compounds. | 51 | |
| 5093829453 | metabolism | The totality of an organism's chemical reactions. | 52 | |
| 5093829454 | non-competitive inhibitor | A substance that impedes the activity of an enzyme without entering an active site. By binding elsewhere on the enzyme, a noncompetitive inhibitor changes the shape of the enzyme so that the active site no longer functions. | 53 | |
| 5093829455 | potential energy | The energy that matter possesses because of its location or arrangement. Water behind a dam and chemical bonds possess potential energy. | 54 | |
| 5093829456 | substrate | (1) A specific substance (reactant) on which an enzyme acts. Each enzyme recognizes only the specific substrate or substrates of the reaction it catalyzes. (2) A surface in or on which an organism lives. | 55 | |
| 5093829457 | cholesterol | lipid used as the base for many steroids | 56 | |
| 5093829458 | Phospholipids in Cell Membranes | A phosphate group (PO4-) replaces one of the three fatty acids normally found on a lipid. The addition of this group makes a polar "head" and two nonpolar "tails". Aligned tail to tail so the nonpolar areas form a hydrophobic region between the hydrophilic heads on the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane. | 57 | |
| 5093829459 | active site | The part of an enzyme molecule where a substrate molecule attaches (by means of weak chemical bonds); typically, a pocket or groove on the enzyme's surface. | 58 | |
| 5093829460 | adenosine triphosphate (ATP) | main energy source for cells | 59 | |
| 5093829461 | co enzyme | An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in important metabolic reactions. | 60 | |
| 5093829462 | cofactor | A nonprotein molecule or ion that is required for the proper functioning of an enzyme. (coenzyme) | 61 | |
| 5093829463 | competitive inhibitor | A substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by binding to the enzyme's active site in place of the substrate. A competitive inhibitor's structure mimics that of the enzyme's substrate. | 62 | |
| 5093829464 | endergonic reaction | An energy-requiring chemical reaction, which yields products with more potential energy than the reactants. | 63 | |
| 5093829465 | energy of activation | The amount of energy that reactants must absorb before a chemical reaction will start. | 64 | |
| 5093829466 | entropy | A measure of disorder or randomness. also called S | 65 | |
| 5093829467 | enzyme | A protein (or RNA molecule) that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed into a different molecule in the process. | 66 | |
| 5093829468 | Catabolism | The breaking down of materials | 67 | |
| 5093829469 | Oxidative Phosphorolation | The production of ATP from ADP and P during Cellular Respiration ( oxidation of glucose) | 68 | |
| 5093829470 | Glycosidic linkage | The bond between to monosaccharides to form a disaccharide | 69 | |
| 5093829471 | Peptide bond | The bond between two amino acids | 70 | |
| 5093829472 | Condensation Reaction | another name for Dehydration Synthesis | 71 | |
| 5093829473 | amino acid | Building blocks of protein (monomer) |  | 72 |
| 5093829474 | amine group | the nitrogen-containing portion of an amino acid -NH2 | | 73 |
| 5093829475 | carboxyl group | A functional group present in organic acids and consisting of a single carbon atom double-bonded to an oxygen atom and also bonded to a hydroxyl group -COOH | | 74 |
| 5093829476 | R group | Amino acid side chain- different for each amino acid | | 75 |
| 5093829477 | peptide bond | The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |  | 76 |
| 5093829478 | dipeptide | Two amino acids bonded together | | 77 |
| 5093829479 | condensation reaction | A reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other through the loss of a water |  | 78 |
| 5093829480 | hydrolysis | Breaking down molecules by the chemical addition of water |  | 79 |
| 5093829481 | primary structure | The specific sequence of amino acids making up a polypeptide chain. |  | 80 |
| 5093829482 | secondary structure | level of protein structure consisting of beta pleated sheets and alpha helices. Caused by Ionic and Hydrogen bonding between adjacent amino acids |  | 81 |
| 5093829483 | tertiary structure | 3D shape of single polypeptide using hydrogen bonding, ioning bonding and disulfide bridges |  | 82 |
| 5093829484 | quaternary structure | The shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. |  | 83 |
| 5093829485 | NonCompetitive Inhibition (Allosteirc) | When a molecule blocks an enzyme action by binding to a site other than the active site | 84 | |
| 5093829486 | Phospholipid | One phosphate replaces a fatty acid to make a polar end to the molecule |  | 85 |
| 5093829487 | Lactase | enzyme necessary to break down lactose | 86 | |
| 5093829488 | Phosphodiester bond | the bond between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the Sugar of another | 87 | |
| 5093829489 | Specific Heat | The amount of heat required to raise the temp of 1 gram of water(l) by 1 degree Celsius | 88 | |
| 5093829490 | Allosteric Inhibition |  | 89 | |
| 5093829491 | Competitive inhibition |  | 90 | |
| 5093829492 | Surface Tension | on the surface of water, the result of Hydrogen bonding | 91 | |
| 5093829493 | Capillary action | the result of adhesion and cohesion, it is the rising of water in a thin tube. | 92 | |
| 5093829494 | Sulfhydryl group | this functional group is found in amino acids they form disulfide bridges in proteins |  | 93 |
| 5093829495 | Destroy Hydrogen and Ionic bonds | How can pH damage Enzyme Structure | 94 |
