AP Biology flashcard for Mrs. Yonts / Mrs. Porter's class @ Edison High School, Huntington Beach. Terms are from the Campbell Biology AP Edition (Ninth Edition) textbook. If you want to edit this set the password is "thechemistryoflife"
REFERENCES:
protein structure: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lijQ3a8yUYQ
pH explained: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xeuyc55LqiY
pH=-log[1 x 10^-7]
Terms : Hide Images
| 1676337963 | Nonpolar | Equal sharing of electrons | 0 | |
| 1676338384 | Polar | Unequal sharing of electrons | 1 | |
| 1676339933 | Hydrogen Bond | Attraction between a slightly positive Hydrogen atom and a slightly negative Oxygen atom. Causes most properties of water. | 2 | |
| 1676341358 | Polar Covalent Bond | A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. | 3 | |
| 1676364595 | Polar Molecule | A molecule with an uneven distribution of charges in different regions of the molecule. | 4 | |
| 1676366314 | Adhesion | Attraction between two different molecules. | 5 | |
| 1676368100 | Cohesion | Attraction between like molecules. | 6 | |
| 1676369822 | Kinetic Energy | Energy of motion | 7 | |
| 1676371007 | Heat | A form of energy and a measure of the total kinetic energy. | 8 | |
| 1676373932 | Specific Heat | The amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1g of a substance to change by 1 degree Celsius. | 9 | |
| 1676379119 | Organic Molecules | Carbohydrates, Lipids, Nucleic Acids, Amino Acids | 10 | |
| 1676386902 | Macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. | 11 | |
| 1676398336 | Monomer | A subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer. | 12 | |
| 1676407456 | Polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. | 13 | |
| 1676417987 | Dehydration Reaction | When two molecules are bonded to each other with the loss of a water molecule. | 14 | |
| 1676419476 | Hydrolysis | Essentially the reverse of a dehydration reaction. Breaks the bond between monomers by adding a water molecule. Also called digestion. | 15 | |
| 1676439361 | Carbohydrates | Consist of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen. Hydrogen to Oxygen ratio is always 2 to 1. Source of energy for most living organisms. There are three classes of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. | 16 | |
| 1676449107 | Monosaccharides | Have a chemical formula of C6H12O6. They are the simplest sugar and carbohydrate. | 17 | |
| 1778119903 | Disaccharides | Have a chemical formula of C16H22O11. They consist of two monosaccharides minus a water molecule, because of dehydration synthesis. | 18 | |
| 1778135579 | Polysaccharides | Macromolecules, polymers of carbohydrates. They form as monosaccharides and are joined together by dehydration reactions. | 19 | |
| 1676456144 | Lipids | A diverse class of organic compounds that includes fats, oils, waxes, and steroids. Made of fatty acids, which are made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.. Used for long term energy storage. Work as chemical messengers and a large component of cell membranes. They are all hydrophobic. | 20 | |
| 1778225850 | Fatty Acids | A hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end. Fatty acids exist in two varieties, saturated and unsaturated. | 21 | |
| 1778227955 | Steroids | Lipids that do not have the same general structure as other lipids. Characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four rings with various functional groups attached. | 22 | |
| 1676459696 | Nucleic Acid | Phosphate group, 5 carbon sugar, nitrogenous base. Store and transmit genetic information. | 23 | |
| 1676463280 | Proteins | Made of amino acids.A protein itself is an expressed gene and make tissue like muscle and bone. Crucial in transport through your body, immune system, cell reaction and processes, and send chemical signals. | 24 | |
| 1676508424 | Polypeptides | A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds. NOT the same as a protein! Think of it as the strand of yarn that goes into the sweater. | 25 | |
| 1676513197 | Peptide Bonds | The bonds connecting amino acids together to form polypeptide chains. | 26 | |
| 1676568151 | Primary Structure | The specific linear sequence of amino acids, like the order of letters in a word. | 27 | |
| 1676571495 | Secondary Structure | The localized, repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bond formation between peptide linkages (not the side chains!). | 28 | |
| 1676573909 | Tertiary Structure | The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges. | 29 | |
| 1676574129 | Quaternary Structure | The particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic three-dimensional arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide. | 30 | |
| 1676595622 | How many amino acids are there? | 20 | 31 | |
| 1676598502 | How do hydrogen bonds affect the structure of the protein? | They cause the folds and coils that appear at regular angles. | 32 | |
| 1676628948 | Alpha Helix | A spiral shape constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific hydrogen-bonding structure. | 33 | |
| 1676631032 | Beta Sheet | One form of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain folds back and forth, or where two regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds. | 34 | |
| 1676665825 | Hydrophobic Interaction | The molecules that don't want to touch the water because they are nonpolar so they end up in clusters at the core of the protein. They are much weaker than covalent bonds. | 35 | |
| 1676733214 | Exergonic Reaction | A spontaneous chemical reaction in which there is a net release of free energy. | 36 | |
| 1676734209 | Endergonic Reaction | A non-spontaneous chemical reaction in which free energy is absorbed from the surroundings. | 37 | |
| 1676745936 | Metabolism | All of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism. | 38 | |
| 1676766874 | ATP | Releases energy when you remove a phosphate. Becomes ADP. Requires energy to add phosphate. | 39 | |
| 1676775510 | Catabolic | Breaking down molecules and releasing energy | 40 | |
| 1676776349 | Anabolic | Building Molecules and consuming energy | 41 | |
| 1676778797 | Activation Energy | The energy necessary to break the bonds of the reactants. | 42 | |
| 1676816708 | Why are catalysts used to speed up reactions instead of heat? | Because heat denatures enzymes and kills cells. | 43 | |
| 1715526217 | Capillary Action | ... | 44 | |
| 1715705050 | Heat of vaporization | The quantity of heat a liquid must absorb for 1g of it to be converted from a liquid into a gas. Water has a high heat of vaporization as a result of its strong hydrogen bonds. | 45 | |
| 1715842292 | pH | The power of hydrogen in a solution. | 46 | |
| 1716036772 | Hydronium | H3O+ | 47 | |
| 1716036773 | Hydroxide | OH- | 48 | |
| 1716036774 | pH equation | pH=-log[H+] | 49 | |
| 1716036775 | If the pH is 7 | 1 in 10^7 are hydrogen ions. | 50 | |
| 1716036776 | If the amount of hydrogen ions increases | the pH decreases. | 51 | |
| 1716036777 | Conjugate base | the particle that remains when an acid has donated a hydrogen ion | 52 | |
| 1716036778 | Conjugate acid | The particle formed when a base gains a hydrogen ion | 53 | |
| 1716036779 | When an acid is added to a solution | The pH decreases because the amount of hydrogen ions is increased, but also the amount of hydroxide decreased as it tends to bind with hydrogen to create water. | 54 | |
| 1724751821 | Ampipathic | Having both a a hydrophilic and a hydrophobic region. | 55 | |
| 1725122120 | Fluid Mosaic Model | A model that refers to how the lipid bilayer tends to act more like a liquid than a solid. | 56 | |
| 1725122121 | Membranes | Membranes are fluid mosaics of lipids and proteins that define cell boundaries by separating the intracellular from the extracellular. They differ in structure and chemical composition depending on their purpose. They are made of a phospholipid bilayer, with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails. Organelles also can have membranes, providing intracellular boundaries. Also allows for complex reactions. | 57 | |
| 1725122122 | Phospholipid | A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. This allows it to form a bilayer structure. | 58 | |
| 1725122123 | Sterols | A type of lipid based on cholesterol; includes testosterone and estrogen. four carbon wings | 59 | |
| 1725122124 | Peripheral Proteins | Protein appendages loosely bound to the surface of the membrane and not embedded in the lipid bilayer. | 60 | |
| 1725122125 | Integral Protein | Integrated into the Phospholipid bilayer, they form membrane channels that regulate the passage of specific ions through the membrane. | 61 | |
| 1725122126 | Glycoproteins | Carbohydrates attached to proteins. | 62 | |
| 1725122127 | Membranes are held together by | hydrophobic interactions. | 63 | |
| 1725122128 | aquaporins | A transport protein in the plasma membrane of a plant or animal cell that specifically facilitates the diffusion of water across the membrane. | 64 |
