Campbell Biology AP Edition Ninth Edition
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| 1584686750 | evolution | Descent with modification; the idea that living species are descendants of ancestral species that were different from the present-day ones; also defined more narrowly as the change in the genetic composition of a population from generation to generation. | 0 | |
| 1584686751 | biology | The scientific study of life. | 1 | |
| 1584686752 | emergent properties | New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. | 2 | |
| 1584686753 | systems biology | An approach to studying biology that aims to model the dynamic behavior of whole biological systems based on a study of the interactions among the system's parts. | 3 | |
| 1584686754 | global climate change | Increase in temperature and change in weather patterns all around the planet, due mostly to increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide levels from the burning of fossil fuels. The increase in temperature, called global warming, is a major aspect of global climate change. | 4 | |
| 1584686755 | eukaryotic cell | A type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with eukaryotic cells (protists, plants, fungi, and animals) are called eukaryotes. | 5 | |
| 1584686756 | prokaryotic cell | A type of cell lacking a membrane-enclosed nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles. Organisms with prokaryotic cells (bacteria and archaea) are called prokaryotes. | 6 | |
| 1584686757 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid; a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenin (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's protein. | 7 | |
| 1584686758 | gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). | 8 | |
| 1584686759 | gene expression | The process by which information encoded in DNA directs the synthesis of proteins or, in some cases, RNAs that are not translated into proteins and instead function as RNAs. | 9 | |
| 1584686760 | genome | The genetic material of a organism or virus; the complete complement of an organism's or virus's genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences | 10 | |
| 1584686761 | genomics | The study of whole sets of genes and their interactions within a species, as well as genome comparisons between species. | 11 | |
| 1584686762 | bioinformatics | The use of computers, software, and mathematical models to process and integrate biological information from large data sets. | 12 | |
| 1584686763 | negative feedback | A form of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change. | 13 | |
| 1584686764 | positive feedback | A form of regulation in which and end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in variable triggers a response that reinforces or amplifies the change. | 14 | |
| 1584686765 | Bacteria | One of two prokaryotic domains, the other being Archaea. | 15 | |
| 1584686766 | Archaea | One of the two prokaryotic domains, the other being Bacteria. | 16 | |
| 1584686767 | Eukarya | The domain that includes all eukaryotic organisms. | 17 | |
| 1584686768 | natural selection | A process in which individuals that have certain inherited traits tend to survive and reproduce at higher rates than other individuals because of those traits. | 18 | |
| 1584686769 | science | An approach to understanding the natural world. | 19 | |
| 1584686770 | inquiry | The search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions. | 20 | |
| 1584686771 | data | Recorded observations. | 21 | |
| 1584686772 | inductive reasoning | A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. | 22 | |
| 1584686773 | hypothesis | A testable explanation for a set of observation based on the available data and guided by inductive reasoning. A hypothesis is narrower in scope in scope than a theory. | 23 | |
| 1584686774 | deductive reasoning | A type of logic in which specific results are predicted from a general premise. | 24 | |
| 1584686775 | controlled experiment | An experiment in which an experimental group is compared with a control group that varies only in the factor being tested. | 25 | |
| 1584686776 | theory | An explanation that is broader in scope than a hypothesis, generates new hypotheses, and is supported by a large body of evidence. | 26 | |
| 1584686777 | model organism | A particular species chosen for research into broad biological principles because it is representative of a larger group and usually easy to grow in a lab. | 27 | |
| 1584686778 | technology | The application of scientific knowledge for a specific purpose, often involving industry of commerce but also including uses in basic research. | 28 | |
| 1584686779 | matter | Anything that takes up space and has mass. | 29 | |
| 1584686780 | element | Any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions. | 30 | |
| 1584686781 | compound | A substance consisting of two or more different elements combined in a fixed ratio. | 31 | |
| 1584686782 | essential element | A chemical element required for an organism to survive, grow, and reproduce. | 32 | |
| 1584686783 | trace element | An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute amounts. | 33 | |
| 1584686784 | atom | The smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element. | 34 | |
| 1584686785 | neutron | A subatomic particle having no electrical charge (electrically neutral), with a mass of about 1.7 x 10^-24g, found in the nucleus of an atom. | 35 | |
| 1584686786 | proton | A subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7 x 10^-24g, found in the nucleus of an atom. | 36 | |
| 1584686787 | electron | A subatomic particle with a single negative charge and a mass about 1/2,000 that of a neutron or proton. e or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom. atom | 37 | |
| 1584686788 | atomic nucleus | An atom's dense central core, containing protons and neutrons. | 38 | |
| 1584686789 | dalton | A measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, or amu. | 39 | |
| 1584686790 | atomic number | The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol. | 40 | |
| 1584686791 | mass number | The sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom's neutrons. | 41 | |
| 1584686792 | atomic mass | The total mass of an atom, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atom. | 42 | |
| 1584686793 | isotope | One of several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons, thus differeing in atomic mass. | 43 | |
| 1584686794 | radioactive isotope | An isotope (an atomic form of a chemical element) that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy. | 44 | |
| 1584686795 | energy | The capacity to cause change, especially to do work (to move matter against an opposing force). | 45 | |
| 1584686796 | potential energy | The energy that matter posses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure). | 46 | |
| 1584686797 | electron shell | An energy level of electrons at a characteristic average distance from the nucleus of an atom. | 47 | |
| 1584686798 | valence electron | An electron in the outermost electron shell. | 48 | |
| 1584686799 | valence shell | The outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom. | 49 | |
| 1584686800 | orbital | The three-dimensional space where an electron is found 90% of the time. | 50 | |
| 1584686801 | chemical bond | An attraction between two atoms, resulting from a sharing of outer-shell electrons of the presence of opposite charges on the atoms. The bonded atoms gain complete outer electron shells. | 51 | |
| 1584686802 | covalent bond | A type of strong chemical bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons. | 52 | |
| 1584686803 | molecule | Two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds. | 53 | |
| 1584686804 | single bond | A single covalent bond; the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms. | 54 | |
| 1584686805 | double bond | A double covalent bond; the sharing of two pairs of valence electrons by two atoms. | 55 | |
| 1584686806 | valence | The bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons required to complete the atom's outermost (valence) shell. | 56 | |
| 1584686807 | electronegativity | The attraction of a given atom for the electrons of a covalent bond. | 57 | |
| 1584686808 | nonpolar covalent bond | A type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity. | 58 | |
| 1584686809 | polar covalent bond | A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive | 59 | |
| 1584686810 | ion | An atom of group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge. | 60 | |
| 1584686811 | cation | A positively charged ion. | 61 | |
| 1584686812 | anion | A negatively charged ion. | 62 | |
| 1584686813 | ionic bond | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. | 63 | |
| 1584686814 | ionic compound | A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called salt. | 64 | |
| 1584686815 | salt | A compound resulting from the formation of an ionic bond; also called an ionic compound. | 65 | |
| 1584686816 | hydrogen bond | A type of weak chemical bond that is formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent in another molecule or in another region of the same molecule. | 66 | |
| 1584686817 | van der Waals interactions | Weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from transient local partial charges. | 67 | |
| 1584686818 | chemical reaction | The making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter. | 68 | |
| 1584686819 | reactant | A starting material in a chemical reaction. | 69 | |
| 1584686820 | product | A material resulting from a chemical reaction. | 70 | |
| 1584686821 | chemical equilibrium | In a chemical reaction, the state in which the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction, so that the relative concentrations of the reactants and products do not change with time. | 71 |
