A review of all of the Campbell 7th Edition terms for the new 2013 AP Biology Curriculum
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| 4849523732 | nonpolar | No partial charges. Do not mix with water. |  | 0 |
| 4849523733 | electronegativity | Attraction of an atom for electrons in a covalent bond. |  | 1 |
| 4849523734 | cohesion | Water molecules sticking to each other. |  | 2 |
| 4849523735 | adhesion | Water molecules sticking to other surfaces. |  | 3 |
| 4849523736 | solute | Something dissolved in a solution. |  | 4 |
| 4849523737 | solvent | Dissolving agent of a solution. |  | 5 |
| 4849523738 | capillary action | A process powered by adhesion that causes water molecules to move upward through a narrow tube such as the stem of a plant. |  | 6 |
| 4849523739 | Heat capacity/specific heat | the amount of thermal energy that must be absorbed or lost to change the temperature of a substance or object by 1oC |  | 7 |
| 4849523740 | surface tension | An inward force that tends to minimize the surface area of a liquid; it causes the surface to behave as if it were a thin skin |  | 8 |
| 4849523741 | heat of vaporization | The amount of energy required for the liquid at its boiling point to become a gas |  | 9 |
| 4849523742 | heat of fusion | the amount of energy required to change a substance from the solid phase to the liquid phase at its melting point |  | 10 |
| 4849523743 | thermal conductivity | the rate at which a substance transfers thermal energy |  | 11 |
| 4849523744 | hydrophobic | insoluble in water | 12 | |
| 4849523745 | hydrophilic | having a tendency to mix with, dissolve in, or be wetted by water. | 13 | |
| 4849523746 | covalent bonds | Bonds created by sharing electrons with other atoms. |  | 14 |
| 4849523747 | ionic bonds | Bonds between atoms that form by transferring electrons |  | 15 |
| 4849523748 | hydrogen bonds | Very weak bonds; occurs when a hydrogen atom in one molecule is attracted to the electrostatic atom in another molecule |  | 16 |
| 4849523749 | polar covalent bond | A covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive. |  | 17 |
| 4849523750 | ions | Charged atoms | 18 | |
| 4849523751 | cations | Positively charged ions | 19 | |
| 4849523752 | anions | Negatively charged ions | 20 | |
| 4849523753 | acid | A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution. | 21 | |
| 4849523754 | base | A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution. | 22 | |
| 4849523755 | alkaline | a basic substance; chemically, a substance that absorbs hydrogen ions or releases hydroxyl ions; in reference to natural water, a measure of the base content of the water. | 23 | |
| 4849523756 | pH scale | measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14. O is most acidic + and 14 is most basic + or alkaline. |  | 24 |
| 4849523757 | buffer | A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous acids or bases are added to the solution. |  | 25 |
| 4849523758 | transpiration | The process by which water is lost through a plant's leaves |  | 26 |
| 4849523759 | evaporative cooling | The process in which the surface of an object becomes cooler during evaporation, owing to a change of the molecules with the greatest kinetic energy from the liquid to the gaseous state. |  | 27 |
| 4849523760 | temperature | A measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance. | 28 | |
| 4849523761 | hydration shell | The sphere of water molecules around each dissolved ion |  | 29 |
| 4849523762 | molarity | A common measure of solute concentration, referring to the number of moles of solute per liter of solution. | 30 | |
| 4849523763 | hydrogen ions | H+, acids | 31 | |
| 4849523764 | hydroxide ions | OH-, bases | 32 | |
| 4849523765 | ocean acidification | increase in acidity (decrease in pH) of ocean water due to increased uptake of CO2 from atmosphere forming carbonic acid (H2CO3) |  | 33 |
| 4849523766 | acid precipitation | Conversion of sulfur oxides and nitrogen oxides to acids that return to earth as rain,snow, or fog. |  | 34 |
| 4849523767 | data | Facts, figures, and other evidence gathered through observations. | 35 | |
| 4849523768 | inductive reasoning | A type of logic in which generalizations are based on a large number of specific observations. | 36 | |
| 4849523769 | hypothesis | A proposed, scientifically testable explanation for an observed phenomenon. | 37 | |
| 4849523770 | theory | A broad explanation of natural events that is supported by strong evidence. | 38 | |
| 4849523771 | Law | An observation that happens every time under a certain set of conditions | 39 | |
| 4849523772 | deductive reasoning | reasoning in which a conclusion is reached by stating a general principle and then applying that principle to a specific case (The sun rises every morning; therefore, the sun will rise on Tuesday morning.) | 40 | |
| 4849523773 | controlled experiment | An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time. | 41 | |
| 4849523774 | independent variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. | 42 | |
| 4849523775 | dependent variable | The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. | 43 |
