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| 4970864420 | Osmoregulation | provides control of water loss and eliminates excess water and solutes as urine |  | 0 |
| 4970896542 | Osmolarity | total solute concentration expressed as molarity or moles of solute/liter | 1 | |
| 4970914236 | What are the 3 forms of nitrogenous waste? | ammonia, urea, uric acid | 2 | |
| 4970916172 | Ammonia | fish, excreted mostly as NH4+ but needs lots of excess water due to high toxicity levels and very low energy cost to make |  | 3 |
| 4970937613 | Urea | mammals, made from ammonia and CO2 in liver low toxicity by high energy demands to make it | 4 | |
| 4970951230 | Uric acid | birds, "pasty" low water loss but very high energy cost to make |  | 5 |
| 4972207028 | Kidney | pair of organs that filter water and wastes from the blood and then excretes products as urine |  | 6 |
| 4972225569 | Nephron | the functional unit of the kidneys which filter water and solutes from blood, make adjustments as needed |  | 7 |
| 4972244485 | Filtration | urine forms when water and solutes are forced from glomerular capillaries into bowman's capsule and then into the proximal tubule |  | 8 |
| 4972274340 | What are the 3 different ways urine can form? | filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion | 9 | |
| 4972280595 | Tubular reabsorption | urine forms when most of the water and solutes are reclaimed by peritubular capillaries; hormonal controls later adjust these conserved/excreted amounts |  | 10 |
| 4972319265 | Tubular secretion | urine forms when excess ions, urea, neurotransmitters, histamine, drugs or toxins from interstitial fluid around the nephron now enter the nephron through membrane proteins; they are excreted |  | 11 |
| 4972340971 | Reabsorption | when water is reabsorbed in the blood; after the loop of hence Na+ and Cl- are pumped out making interstitial fluid hypertonic drawing more water out of the proximal tubule before the turn |  | 12 |
| 4972366551 | Passive transport | when specific solutes move with their concentration gradients; move from high to low concentration; no energy required |  | 13 |
| 4972377552 | Water movement | water will move from a less negative to a more negative water potential | 14 | |
| 4972389338 | Active transport | movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy; low to high concentration |  | 15 |
| 4972396280 | Diuretic | stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water; increases urine volume |  | 16 |
| 4972410636 | Antidiuretic hormone | makes walls of the distal tubule and collecting ducts more permeable to water, so more water is absorbed by the body and urine becomes more concentrated in response to osmolarity of blood | 17 | |
| 4972433240 | Aldosterone | promotes reabsorption of sodium and water by the body; which increases blood volume and pressure | 18 | |
| 4972448714 | Angiotensin II | promotes feelings of thirst when your body needs more water and increases blood pressure |  | 19 |
| 4972453107 | pH buffer system | helps keep the pH of blood around 7.4; eliminates extra hydrogen from the body through urine when blood is filtered through the kidneys | 20 | |
| 4972466000 | Vasodilation | heat; open capillaries |  | 21 |
| 4972481129 | Vasoconstriction | cold; close capillaries conserving heat |  | 22 |
| 4973742905 | Plasma membrane | made of phospholipids with a phosphate head and 2 fatty acid tails with varying saturation |  | 23 |
| 4973761399 | Homeoviscous adaption | the ability of some organisms to regulate the fluidity of their cell membrane by altering lipid composition |  | 24 |
| 4973794225 | Fluid mosaic model | has proteins and carbohydrates held together by weak interactions |  | 25 |
| 4973810548 | Integral proteins | embedded in the membrane and span across it |  | 26 |
| 4973812697 | Peripheal proteins | loosely bound to the membrane surface |  | 27 |
| 4973840506 | What are the 6 functions of proteins in the membrane? | transport, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, cell to cell recognition, intercellular joining, and attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix |  | 28 |
| 4973859117 | Carbohydrates | used in cell to cell recognition; important for immune functioning developing organisms | 29 | |
| 4973927374 | How easily does hydrocarbon, CO2, and O2 pass through the membrane? | easily | 30 | |
| 4973934068 | How easily does ions and polar molecules pass through the membrane? | they must pass through a protein channel before passing through the membrane | 31 | |
| 4973985475 | How easily does H2O pass through the membrane? | they pass slowly and through hydrophilic channels | 32 | |
| 4974011934 | Osmosis | diffusion of water |  | 33 |
| 4974014596 | Facilitated diffusion | ions and polar molecules can pass through transport proteins that provide a hydrophilic channel for molecules to pass through or bind loosely to molecules and carry them through the membrane |  | 34 |
| 4974041978 | Cotransport | after pumping H+ against the gradient the H+ can do work when they move with the gradient across the membrane with sucrose |  | 35 |
| 4974080206 | Bulk transport | large molecules are moved across the membrane by endocytosis and exocytosis; requires vesicles entering or leaving the cell |  | 36 |
| 4974108977 | Receptor-mediated endocytosis | specific substances bind to receptors on the cell membrane causing a vesicle to form around the substance and move into the cell |  | 37 |
| 4974122975 | Viruses | can only infect certain organisms and cells; influenced by the proteins on the surface, if the proteins don't match the virus can't enter the host |  | 38 |
| 4974153800 | Viral structure | very small, genetic is double or single stranded DNA or RNA, they all have a capsid, may have a viral envelope |  | 39 |
| 4974160310 | Capsid | protein shell that surrounds DNA and RNA |  | 40 |
| 4974166323 | Viral envelope | surround the capsid and aid in viral infection of host cells | | 41 |
| 4974206114 | Viral infection cycles | viruses inject DNA into the host cell then either the lytic or lysogenic cycle begins, depending on certain conditions in the host cell | 42 | |
| 4974230947 | Lytic cycle | virus takes over the cell organelles to make new copies of viral DNA and protein coats, viral parts self assemble, cell lyses, and viruses are released to infect other cells (shorter cycle) |  | 43 |
| 4974275873 | Lysogenic cycle | viral DNA becomes incorporated into the host cell's DNA, prophage is replicated with the hot cell's DNA, cell can enter lytic cycle anytime |  | 44 |
| 4975230765 | ssRNA is template for mRNA | use RNA to make mRNA then makes capsid and envelope proteins, assembles new viruses with copies of RNA genome |  | 45 |
| 4975257778 | ssRNA is template for DNA | retroviruses, use reverse transcriptase to transcribe DNA from viral RNA | 46 | |
| 4975282957 | What are the classes of animal viruses? | dsDNA, ssDNA, dsRNA, ssRNA | 47 | |
| 4975292382 | Viroids | extremely small RNA molecules that infect plants, causing errors in regulatory systems that control growth |  | 48 |
| 4975305434 | Prions | misfiled infectious proteins that cause misfolding in normal proteins in animals, destroy brain cells |  | 49 |
| 4975314370 | Vaccines | harmless variants of pathogens that can stimulate the immune system to produce memory cells for the pathogen; only preventive |  | 50 |
| 4975389057 | Cytoskeleton | a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytoplasm |  | 51 |
| 4975721311 | What is the cytoskeleton composed of? | microtubules, microfilaments, intermediate filaments | 52 | |
| 4975752078 | Motility | cells move vesicles, chromosomes and others using microtubules and microfilaments | 53 | |
| 4975757341 | Motor proteins | provide energy from ATP hydrolysis to make cells and vesicles | 54 | |
| 4975765482 | Cell junctions | places in adjoining cell membranes where a cell sends and receives signals and materials and where it recognizes and attaches itself to similar cells | 55 | |
| 4975776583 | Tight junctions | plasma membranes of neighboring cells are tightly pressed together; bound by proteins, link cells of most body tissues, prevent leakage | 56 | |
| 4975791534 | Anchoring/adhering junctions | fasten cells together in strong sheets, join cells in skin, heart, organs, can stretch |  | 57 |
| 4975799864 | Gap/communicating junctions | link cytoplasm of neighboring cells for open channel of signals and substances through a pore, helps in cell communication | 58 | |
| 4975810805 | Cell communication | one cell signals another to change its activities, coordinates activities of multicellular organisms |  | 59 |
