Includes Unit 2 information, along with Unit 1 info.
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| 15597939918 | active transport | Energy-requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference | 0 | |
| 15597939919 | Bacillus | Rod shaped bacteria | 1 | |
| 15597939920 | carrier proteins | a protein that transports substances across a cell membrane | 2 | |
| 15597939921 | cell recognition proteins | Glycoproteins in the plasma membrane that identify self and help the body defend itself against pathogens. | 3 | |
| 15597939922 | cell wall | A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms. | 4 | |
| 15597939923 | channel proteins | provide corridors that allow a specific molecule or ion to cross the membrane | 5 | |
| 15597939924 | Cholesterol | A lipid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids. Stiffens cell membrane. | 6 | |
| 15597939925 | concentration gradient | A difference in the concentration of a substance across a distance. | 7 | |
| 15597939926 | Diffusion | Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. | 8 | |
| 15597939927 | Endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infolding of the cell membrane | 9 | |
| 15597939928 | Exocytosis | a process by which the contents of a cell vacuole are released to the exterior through fusion of the vacuole membrane with the cell membrane. | 10 | |
| 15597939929 | facilitated transport | a process by which material moves down a concentration gradient (from high to low concentration) using integral membrane proteins | 11 | |
| 15597939930 | fluid mosaic model | model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane | 12 | |
| 15597939931 | gap junctions | Points that provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to another with special membrane proteins. Also called communicating junctions. | 13 | |
| 15597939932 | Glycoproteins | Membrane carbohydrates that are covalently bonded to proteins. Antibodies. | 14 | |
| 15597939933 | hypertonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is greater than that of the cell that resides in the solution | 15 | |
| 15597939934 | isotonic solution | A solution in which the concentration of solutes is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution | 16 | |
| 15597939935 | Osmosis | Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane | 17 | |
| 15597939936 | osmotic pressure | pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane | 18 | |
| 15597939937 | Phagocytosis | process in which extensions of cytoplasm surround and engulf large particles and take them into the cell | 19 | |
| 15597939938 | Pinocytosis | A type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. | 20 | |
| 15597939939 | Plasmolysis | This happens when a cell shrinks inside its cell wall while the cell wall remains intact. | 21 | |
| 15597939940 | receptor proteins | Proteins that transmit information in and out of cells. They allow communication between cells. | 22 | |
| 15597939941 | selectively permeable | a property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot | 23 | |
| 15597939942 | sodium-potassium pump | A transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that actively transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. | 24 | |
| 15597939943 | Solute | A substance that is dissolved in a solution. | 25 | |
| 15597939944 | Solution | A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another. | 26 | |
| 15597939945 | Solvent | A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances | 27 | |
| 15597939946 | turgor pressure | the pressure that is exerted on the inside of cell walls and that is caused by the movement of water into the cell | 28 | |
| 15597939947 | hypotonic environment | The contractile vacuole of a paramecium should be active when the paramecium is in | 29 | |
| 15597953971 | Characteristics of life | movement, responsiveness, growth, reproduction, respiration, circulation of energy | 30 | |
| 15597953972 | Organization of life | subatomic particles, atoms, molecules, organelles, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism, population, community, ecosystem, biosphere | 31 | |
| 15597953973 | emergent properties | New properties that arise with each step upward in the hierarchy of life, owing to the arrangement and interactions of parts as complexity increases. | 32 | |
| 15597953974 | Classes of Taxonomy | Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species | 33 | |
| 15597953975 | 3 domains | Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya | 34 | |
| 15597953976 | How are species named? | binomial nomenclature | 35 | |
| 15597954037 | Genus Species | 36 | ||
| 15597953977 | cladogram/phylogenetic tree | a branching tree depicting evolutionary relationships among organisms | 37 | |
| 15597953978 | independent variable | The experimental factor that is manipulated; the variable whose effect is being studied. | 38 | |
| 15597953979 | dependent variable | The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. | 39 | |
| 15597953980 | How to avoid confirmation bias | Encourage and carefully consider critical views on the working hypothesis. Ensure that all stakeholders examine the primary data. Do not rely on analysis and summary from a single individual. Design experiments to actually test the hypothesis. | 40 | |
| 15597953981 | How is inductive reasoning part of the scientific method? | Scientists use it to form hypotheses and theories. | 41 | |
| 15597953982 | How is deductive reasoning part of the scientific method? | Deductive reasoning allows them to apply the theories to specific situations. | 42 | |
| 15597953983 | Occam's Razor | Simpler explanations are more likely to be true than complex ones. | 43 | |
| 15597953984 | anecdotal evidence | Personal stories about specific incidents and experiences. | 44 | |
| 15597953985 | Steps of the Scientific Method | Ask a Question | 45 | |
| 15597954038 | Do Background Research | 46 | ||
| 15597954039 | Construct a Hypothesis | 47 | ||
| 15597954040 | Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment | 48 | ||
| 15597954041 | Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion | 49 | ||
| 15597954042 | Communicate Your Results | 50 | ||
| 15597953986 | scientific theory | a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results | 51 | |
| 15597953987 | scientific law | A statement that describes what scientists expect to happen every time under a particular set of conditions. Inductive Reasoning. | 52 | |
| 15597953988 | Science "prove" bad | Theory's can be disproved | 53 | |
| 15597953989 | Limitations of Science | Restricted to those things that can be logically tested and falsified. | 54 | |
| 15597954043 | More than one hypothesis can predict the same outcome of a test. | 55 | ||
| 15597954044 | Results can be interpreted in different ways, leading to different conclusions. | 56 | ||
| 15597954045 | Hypotheses constantly being reevaluated and modified as more results and information are gained. | 57 | ||
| 15597953990 | What subjects are outside the realm of science? | Religion | 58 | |
| 15597954046 | Aesthetics | 59 | ||
| 15597953991 | Falsifiability | a feature of a scientific theory, in which it is possible to collect data that will prove the theory wrong | 60 | |
| 15597953992 | natural causality | the scientific principle that natural events occur as a result of preceding natural causes | 61 | |
| 15597953993 | atomic mass | The average mass of all the isotopes of an element | 62 | |
| 15597953994 | atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | 63 | |
| 15597953995 | isotope | Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons | 64 | |
| 15597953996 | Properties of Carbon | Carbon has 4 valence electrons = 4 bonds | 65 | |
| 15597954047 | Can form long chains | 66 | ||
| 15597954048 | Makes organic compounds when bonded with hydrogen | 67 | ||
| 15597953997 | covalent bond | A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule | 68 | |
| 15597953998 | ionic bond | A chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions. | 69 | |
| 15597953999 | Properties of water | cohesion, adhesion, excellent solvent, solid is less dense than liquid, specific heat | 70 | |
| 15597954049 | high polarity->hydrogen bonding-> cohesiveness-> adhesiveness ->high specific heat->high latent heat and High heat of vaporization | 71 | ||
| 15597954000 | heat capacity | the number of heat units needed to raise the temperature of a body by one degree. | 72 | |
| 15597954001 | Vaporization | The change of state from a liquid to a gas | 73 | |
| 15597954002 | Solvent | In a solution, the substance in which the solute dissolves. | 74 | |
| 15597954003 | Cohesion | Attraction between molecules of the same substance | 75 | |
| 15597954004 | Adhesian | attraction between molecules of different substances | 76 | |
| 15597954005 | surface tension | the uneven forces acting on the particles on the surface of a liquid | 77 | |
| 15597954050 | the force that acts on the surface of a liquid and that tends to minimize the area of the surface | 78 | ||
| 15597954006 | Density | Mass per unit volume | 79 | |
| 15597954051 | the degree of compactness of a substance. | 80 | ||
| 15597954007 | carbon atoms | can form single, double & triple bonds;these organic compounds can have different shapes/patterns | 81 | |
| 15597954008 | carbon chains | carbon easily bonds with carbon. | 82 | |
| 15597954009 | functional groups | A specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions. | 83 | |
| 15597954052 | the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions | 84 | ||
| 15597954010 | isomer | Compounds with the same formula but different structures. | 85 | |
| 15597954011 | dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. | 86 | |
| 15597954012 | hydrolysis | A chemical process that splits a molecule by adding water. | 87 | |
| 15597954013 | Hydrophobic | Having an aversion to water; tending to coalesce and form droplets in water. | 88 | |
| 15597954014 | Hydrophilic | Attracted to water | 89 | |
| 15597954015 | Carbohydrate monomer | monosaccharide | 90 | |
| 15597954016 | Lipid monomer | glycerol and fatty acids | 91 | |
| 15597954017 | Protein monomer | amino acids | 92 | |
| 15597954018 | nucleic acid monomer | nucleotide | 93 | |
| 15597954019 | Carbohydrates | the starches and sugars present in foods | 94 | |
| 15597954020 | Carbohydrate function | immediate energy source | 95 | |
| 15597954021 | Lipid function | long term energy storage | 96 | |
| 15597954022 | protein functions | structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense against foreign substances | 97 | |
| 15597954023 | nucleic acid function+location | Located in the nucleus of cells, contains genetic information which describes the order of amino acids when making proteins. | 98 | |
| 15597954024 | induced fit model | Change in the shape of an enzyme's active site that enhances the fit between the active site and its substrate(s) | 99 | |
| 15597954025 | substrate | reactant of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction | 100 | |
| 15597954026 | active site | a region on an enzyme that binds to the substrate during a reaction. | 101 | |
| 15597954027 | enzyme temperature and pH | enzymes need the right temperature and pH to function. if the temperature is too high, or the pH is too acidic or alkaline, the enzyme will denature | 102 | |
| 15597954028 | synthesis reaction | a reaction in which two or more substances combine to form a new compound | 103 | |
| 15597954029 | Degradation reaction | the substrate is broken down to the products | 104 | |
| 15597954030 | Enzymatic Speed | The rate of a reaction is the amount of product produced per unit time. | 105 | |
| 15597954031 | competitive inhibition | substance that resembles the normal substrate competes with the substrate for the active site | 106 | |
| 15597954032 | noncompetitive inhibition | inhibitor binds elsewhere on the enzyme; alters active site so that the substrate cannot bind | 107 | |
| 15597954033 | Enzyme reaction rates are affected by | 1. Shape- "Lock and Key Model" if it is the wrong shape it will not work. | 108 | |
| 15597954053 | 2. Temperature- each enzyme works best at a specific temperature | 109 | ||
| 15597954054 | 3. pH-- each enzyme works best at a specific pH | 110 | ||
| 15597954034 | enzyme catalysis rate | Tested by measuring the amount of substrate left, or product contained. | 111 | |
| 15597954035 | Catalase | An enzyme produced in all cells to decompose hydrogen peroxide, a by-product of cell respiration | 112 | |
| 15598072127 | Cell Membrane | Regulates exchange, creates a barrier, communication & Identification |  | 113 |
| 15598079632 | water potential | The physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure. | 114 | |
| 15598083073 | Phospholipids | A molecule that is a constituent of the inner bilayer of biological membranes, having a polar, hydrophilic head and a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail. | 115 | |
| 15598088776 | Glycolipids | signal molecules | 116 | |
| 15598100121 | Transpiration | the process by which water evaporates from a plant's leaves | 117 | |
| 15598113883 | Phospholipid Membrane | has charged molecules, and water may cross. | 118 | |
| 15598137679 | passive transport | Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient | 119 | |
| 15598141680 | facilitated diffusion | Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels using passive transport. | 120 | |
| 15598147771 | cellular respiration | A lot of metabolic reactions net gain of 36 ATP The three stages are Glycolysis > Krebs cycle > ETC | 121 | |
| 15598156199 | enzymatic proteins | carry out metabolic reactions directly | 122 | |
| 15598316702 | Glycolysis | The first stage of cellular respiration, splits glucose, and has a net gain of 2 ATP. | 123 | |
| 15598415241 | Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle) | The Krebs Cycle, also known as the citric acid cycle, takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria. In the Krebs Cycle, each of the two acetyl coenzyme A molecules enter the cycle and combine with oxaloacetate to form citric acid, which then loses two carbons as carbon dioxide. The cycle is now ready to begin again with the second Acetyl CoA. For each Acetyl CoA, the Krebs Cycle produces 1 ATP, 3 NADH, and 1 FADH2. Requires Oxygen, without oxygen fermentation happens in the cytoplasm, which is much less effective. | 124 | |
| 15598482014 | ETC | electron transport chain 32-24 ATP per glucose, and 6 water formed. | 125 | |
| 15598487697 | sodium-potassium pump | A special transport protein in the plasma membrane of animal cells that transports sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell against their concentration gradients. Three sodium removed, and two potassium added. | 126 | |
| 15605239401 | contractile vacuole | The cell structure that collects extra water from the cytoplasm and then expels it from the cell, it is found in freshwater microorganisms. | 127 |
