Terms : Hide Images
| 8737922898 | Cell Communication | Process through which cells can detect and respond to signals in their environment. |  | 0 |
| 8737922899 | Juxtacrine Interaction | Type of cell signaling in which cells are in direct contact with one another. |  | 1 |
| 8737922900 | Gap Junctions | Type of juxtacrine interaction in animals where membrane channels of adjacent plasma membranes adhere to each other and allow materials to pass directly from cell to cell. |  | 2 |
| 8737922901 | Intercalated Discs | Specialized connections between cardiac muscle cells that contain gap junctions; allow ions to pass directly from cell to cell to synchronize contraction. |  | 3 |
| 8737922902 | Plasmodesmata | Channels through cell walls that connect the cytoplasms of adjacent plant cells; type of juxtacrine interaction. | | 4 |
| 8737922903 | Paracrine Interaction | Cellular signaling in which secreted signaling molecules act on other nearby cells. |  | 5 |
| 8737922904 | Paracrine Factor | Signaling molecule (= chemical messenger) secreted by one cell that travels short distances to other cells. |  | 6 |
| 8737922905 | Neuromuscular Junction | Point of contact between a motor neuron and a skeletal muscle cell. |  | 7 |
| 8737922906 | Neurotransmitter | Chemical messengers that cross the synapse between neurons and target cells; examples include acetylcholine, serotonin, dopamine. |  | 8 |
| 8737922907 | Acetylcholine | A neurotransmitter that triggers skeletal muscle contraction |  | 9 |
| 8737922908 | Axon Terminal | The terminal end of a neuron where neurotransmitters are stored and released into a synapse. |  | 10 |
| 8737922909 | Voltage Gated Channel | Cell membrane ion channels opened or closed by changes in electrical charge across a membrane. |  | 11 |
| 8737922910 | Ligand Gated Channel | Membrane ion channels operated by the binding of specific molecules to channel proteins. |  | 12 |
| 8737922911 | Acetylcholinesterase | An enzyme that breaks down the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. |  | 13 |
| 8737922912 | Botulinum Toxin | Toxin that paralyzes muscles by inhibiting ACh release from axon terminals; derived from a bacterium that causes food poisoning. |  | 14 |
| 8737922913 | Latrotoxin | Black widow spider venom; initially enhances release of ACh from nerve terminals causing sustained muscle contractions. |  | 15 |
| 8737922914 | Cobra Venom | Toxin that blocks acetylcholine receptors on muscle fiber membrane; thus paralyzing muscles. |  | 16 |
| 8737922915 | Sarin | Organophosphate nerve gas that inhibits acetylcholinesterase; causes sustained, tetanic contractions of muscles by preventing removal of ACh from the synapse. |  | 17 |
| 8737922916 | Endocrine Interaction | Type of cell signaling in which hormones are secreted directly into the bloodstream; can signal over long distances. |  | 18 |
| 8737922917 | Endocrine Factor | Another name for hormones; signaling molecule in endocrine interactions. |  | 19 |
| 8737922918 | Hormone | Chemicals produced by your glands that regulate the activities of different body cells. |  | 20 |
| 8737922919 | Adrenalin/Epinephrine | A hormone released by the body in times of stress (Fight or flight); causes increased heart rate, increased breathing rate, breakdown of glycogen into glucose, etc. |  | 21 |
| 8737922920 | Inducer | Cell that produces an inductive signal that causes a response in another cell. | 22 | |
| 8737922921 | Responder | Cell that is induced to respond to a particular signal. | 23 | |
| 8737922922 | Induction | Process in which one cell induces a specific response from another cell. | 24 | |
| 8737922923 | Competence | The ability of a cell to respond to an inductive signal from another cell. |  | 25 |
| 8737922924 | Transcription Factor | A regulatory protein that binds to DNA and affects transcription of specific genes. |  | 26 |
| 8737922925 | Signal Transduction | Process in which a signal on a cell's surface is converted to a specific cellular response in a series of steps. |  | 27 |
| 8737922926 | Ligand | A molecule that binds specifically to a receptor protein on another cell's membrane. |  | 28 |
| 8737922927 | Reception | The target cell's detection of a signal molecule coming from outside the cell; typically involves binding of a ligand to a receptor protein. |  | 29 |
| 8737922928 | Transduction | Series of steps by which reception of a signal from another cell is converted into a response in a target cell. |  | 30 |
| 8737922929 | Protein Kinase | An enzyme that transfers phosphate groups from ATP to a protein, thus phosphorylating the protein; typically activates inactive proteins. |  | 31 |
| 8737922930 | Phosphorylation | The addition of a phosphate group to a molecule |  | 32 |
| 8737922931 | Phosphatase | An enzyme that catalyzes the removal of a phosphate group from a protein. |  | 33 |
| 8737922932 | Secondary Messenger | Non-protein messenger that may be present in a signal transduction cascade; examples include cAMP and calcium ions. |  | 34 |
| 8737922933 | Cyclic AMP (cAMP) | Along with calcium ions, this is one of the most widely used second messengers in transduction cascades. |  | 35 |
| 8737922934 | Transcription | Process whereby the DNA sequence in a gene is copied into mRNA. |  | 36 |
| 8737922935 | G-Protein Linked Receptor | Membrane receptor that can add GTP to G-Proteins, thereby activating them. |  | 37 |
| 8737922936 | G-Protein | An intracellular protein that binds GTP and GDP and participates in intracellular signaling pathways. | | 38 |
| 8737922937 | Sonic Hedgehog | Signaling molecule that inhibits Pax 6 in the center of the developing face, thereby causing two eyes to form; inactivation causes cyclopia. |  | 39 |
| 8737922938 | Pax6 | Signaling molecule that is involved in initiating eye development; inhibited by sonic hedgehog in the center of the developing face; mutations can cause aniridia. |  | 40 |
| 8737922939 | Apoptosis | Process of programmed cell death. |  | 41 |
