Ms. Nabi's AP Biology. Units 1-3. Taken from our textbook and Barron's AP Biology review.
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| 869714739 | Atoms are the | building blocks of matter | 1 | |
| 869714740 | Atoms consist of | protons, neutrons, and electrons | 2 | |
| 869714741 | An atom in the elemental state is always | neutral | 3 | |
| 869714742 | If all the electrons are in the lowest available energy state, the atom is said to be in the | ground state. | 4 | |
| 869714743 | When an atom absorbs energy, it moves to a higher level... | the excited state | 5 | |
| 869714744 | Isotopes | atoms of one element that vary only in the amount of neutrons in the nucleus. They are the same chemically. | 6 | |
| 869714745 | Radioisotopes | radioactive isotopes | 7 | |
| 869714746 | Bond | a bond is formed when two atomic nuclei attract the same electrons | 8 | |
| 869714747 | Energy releases when a bond is | formed | 9 | |
| 869714748 | Energy is lost when a bond is | broken | 10 | |
| 869714749 | Ionic Bonds | transfer of electrons, ions gains electron - anion (A Negative ION) loses electron - cation | 11 | |
| 869714750 | Covalent Bonds | sharing electrons molecules single, double, and triple bonds polar/non polar | 12 | |
| 869714751 | Are diatomics polar or non polar? | non polar | 13 | |
| 869714752 | Non Polar | electrons are shared equally between two identical atoms, balanced | 14 | |
| 869714753 | Polar | electrons are shared unequally | 15 | |
| 869714754 | Hydrophillic | water loving. | 16 | |
| 869714755 | Hydrophobic | water hating | 17 | |
| 869714756 | Miscibility | property of liquids to mix in all proportions | 18 | |
| 869714757 | Hydrogen Bond | Bond between a hydrogen atom and either an oxygen, nitrogen, or fluorine. | 19 | |
| 869714758 | Properties of Water | - high specific heat - high heat of vaporization - universal solvent - strong cohesion tension - less dense as a solid than a liquid | 20 | |
| 869714759 | Capillary Action | combined forces of cohesion and adhesion | 21 | |
| 869714760 | Surface Tension | the property that allows bugs to walk on water without falling through, caused by hydrogen bonding | 22 | |
| 869714761 | Cohesion | the act of sticking together tightly, water is attracted to water | 23 | |
| 869714762 | Adhesion | the act of repelling, water is attracted to something other than water | 24 | |
| 869714763 | pH | measure of acidity and alkalinity in a solution | 25 | |
| 869714764 | 0-6 pH | acidic | 26 | |
| 869714765 | 7 pH | neutral | 27 | |
| 869714766 | 8-14 pH | basic/alkaline | 28 | |
| 869714767 | The value of pH is the... | negative log of the hydrogen ion concentration in moles/liter | 29 | |
| 869714768 | A pH of 1 is "x" times higher than a pH of 2 | x = 10 | 30 | |
| 869714769 | pH of stomach acid | 2 | 31 | |
| 869714770 | pH of acid rain | 1.5-5.4 | 32 | |
| 869714771 | pH of human blood | 7.4 | 33 | |
| 869714772 | Buffers | resist a change in pH | 34 | |
| 869714773 | What is the most important buffer in the human blood? | Biocarbonate | 35 | |
| 869714774 | Isomers | organic compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures and different properties | 36 | |
| 869714775 | Structural Isomers | differ in the arrangement of their atoms | 37 | |
| 869714776 | Cis-Trans Isomers | only differ in the spatial arrangement around double bonds, which are not flexible like single bonds | 38 | |
| 869714777 | Enantimoers | molecules that are mirror right images of each other | 39 | |
| 869714778 | L - | left image, referring to enantimoers | 40 | |
| 869714779 | D - | right image, referring to enantimoers | 41 | |
| 869714780 | All the amino acids in cells are (L- or D-) | L- | 42 | |
| 869714781 | Organic Compounds | contain carbon | 43 | |
| 869714782 | Four classes of organic compounds | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids. | 44 | |
| 870209799 | What does the body use carbohydrates for? | Fuel and as building materials | 45 | |
| 870209800 | What do carbohydrates consist of? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen | 46 | |
| 870209801 | The ratio of hydrogen to oxygen is always | 2:1 | 47 | |
| 870209802 | The empirical formula of carbohydrates is always | CnH2O | 48 | |
| 870209803 | 1g of a carbohydrate will release "x" calories in a calorimeter | x = 4 | 49 | |
| 870209804 | What are the three classes of carbohydrates? | Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides | 50 | |
| 870209805 | Monosaccharides formula | C6H12O6 | 51 | |
| 870209806 | What monosaccharides are isomers of each other? | glucose, galactose, fructose | 52 | |
| 870209807 | Disaccharides formula | C12H22O11 | 53 | |
| 870209808 | Definition of a disaccharide | two monosaccharides joined together, with the release of a water (H2O) molecule by dehydration | 54 | |
| 870209809 | monosaccharide + monosaccharide --> | disaccharide + water | 55 | |
| 870209810 | C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 --> | C12H22O11 + H2O | 56 | |
| 870209811 | glucose + glucose --> | maltose + water | 57 | |
| 870209812 | glucose + galactose --> | lactose + water | 58 | |
| 870209813 | glucose + fructose --> | sucrose + water | 59 | |
| 870209814 | Hydrolysis | the breakdown of a compound by adding water | 60 | |
| 870209815 | What is hydrolysis the reverse of? | Condensation synthesis | 61 | |
| 870209816 | Polysaccharides | are macro-molecules, polymers of carbohydrates | 62 | |
| 870209817 | How are polysaccharides formed? | many monosaccharides join together by dehydration reactions | 63 | |
| 870209818 | How many types of polysaccharides are there? | Four | 64 | |
| 870209819 | Plant - structural polysaccharide | Cellulose - makes up the plant cell wall | 65 | |
| 870209820 | Plant - storage polysaccharide | starch - amylase, amylopectin | 66 | |
| 870209821 | Animals - structural polysaccharide | Chitin - makes up the exoskeleton in arthorpods | 67 | |
| 870209822 | Where also can chitin be found? | in the cell wall of mushrooms | 68 | |
| 870209823 | Animals - storage polysaccharide | glycogen - "animal starch"stored in liver and skeletal muscles | 69 | |
| 870221660 | Lipids | fats, oils, waxes, steroids | 70 | |
| 870221661 | All lipids are | hydrophoibc | 71 | |
| 870221662 | Most lipids contain (structurally) | 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acids | 72 | |
| 870221663 | Glycerol is an | alcohol | 73 | |
| 870221664 | Fatty acid | a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end | 74 | |
| 870221665 | Saturated fats | come from animals. are solid at room temperature, contain only single bonds between carbon atoms | 75 | |
| 870221666 | Unsaturated fats | come form plants, liquid at room temperature, good dietary fats, have at least one double bond formed by the removal of a hydrogen atom in the carbon chain | 76 | |
| 870221667 | Tropical oils, such as coconut are more similar to | saturated fats | 77 | |
| 870221668 | Steroids | are lipids that do not have the same general structure as other lipids, they consist of four fused rings | 78 | |
| 870221669 | Types of steroids (3) | cholesterol, estradiol, testosterone | 79 | |
| 870221670 | Lipid energy storange | 1g of any lipid will release 9 calories per gram when burned in a calorimeter | 80 | |
| 870221671 | Lipid structure | phospolipids, major component of the cell membrane | 81 | |
| 870221672 | Lipid endocrine | some steroids are hormones | 82 | |
| 870221673 | Phospolipids | a lipid where a phosphate group replaces one fatty acid | 83 | |
| 870221674 | When phospolipids are added to water, | they self assemble into a bilayer | 84 | |
| 870221675 | The head of the phospolipid is _____, while the tail is ________ | hydrophilic,hydrophobic picture : http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/lipidbilayer.gif | 85 | |
| 870221676 | Proteins | complex, unbalanced macromolecules | 86 | |
| 870221677 | Proteins carry out bodily functions, such as: | growth, repair, enzyme activities, signaling, movement, regulation | 87 | |
| 870221678 | 1g of a protein burned in a calorimeter releases __ calories | 4 | 88 | |
| 870221679 | Proteins contain what elements? | Sulfur, phosphorous, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen | 89 | |
| 870221680 | Amino acids | consist of a carboxyl group, amine group, and a variable (R) group all attached to a center, asymmetrical carbon atom | 90 | |
| 870221681 | The R group ____ with each amino acid | differs | 91 | |
| 870221682 | Dipeptide | molecule consisting of two amino acids connected by one peptide bond | 92 | |
| 870221683 | Four levels of protein structure | primary, secondary, tertiary, quartenary | 93 | |
| 870221684 | Primary | the unique, linear sequence of amino acids, the slightest change can have major consequences | 94 | |
| 870221685 | Secondary | results from hydrogen bonding within polypeptide molecule, refers to how the polypeptide coils or folds into two distinct shapes | 95 | |
| 870221686 | What are the two distinct shapes in a secondary protein structure? | Alpha helix and beta pleated sheet | 96 | |
| 870221687 | Tertiary structure | intricate, 3D shape, imposed on secondary structure, determine the protein's specificity | 97 | |
| 870221688 | What are the contributing factors in a tertiary sturcture? | hydrogen bonding between R groups, ionic bonding between R groups, hydrophobic interactions, Van der Waals interactions, disulfide bonds between cysteine amino acids | 98 | |
| 870221689 | Quaternary structure | proteins that have more than one polypeptide chain | 99 | |
| 870221690 | Fibrous proteins | proteins that exhibit either alpha helix, beta pleated sheet, or both | 100 | |
| 871225649 | Bioformatics | uses computers and mathematical modeling to integrate the huge volume of data generated from the analysis of an amino acid sequence of a protein to predict the 3D structure of the resulting protein molecule | 101 | |
| 871235139 | How many nucleic acids are there? | 2 | 102 | |
| 871235140 | What are the names of the nucleic acids? | DNA and RNA | 103 | |
| 871235141 | DNA | Deoxyribonucleic acid | 104 | |
| 871235142 | RNA | Ribonucleic acid | 105 | |
| 871235143 | Polymer | a substance that has a molecular structure built up chiefly or completely from a large number of similar units bonded together | 106 | |
| 871235144 | Polynucleotides | A linear polymer whose molecule is composed of many nucleotide units, constituting a section of a nucleic acid molecule. | 107 | |
| 871235145 | Nucleotide | consists of a phosphate, 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose), and a nitrogen base - adenine (A), cytosene (C), guanine (G), and either in DNA thymine (T) or in RNA uracil (U). | 108 | |
| 871235146 | Functional groups | the components of organic molecules that are most often involved in chemical reactions, attached to the carbon skeleton | 109 | |
| 871235147 | Entropy | A thermodynamic quantity representing the unavailability of a system's thermal energy for conversion into mechanical work, often interpreted as the degree of disorder or randomness in the system | 110 | |
| 871235148 | First law of thermodynamics/Law of conservation of energy | energy can not be created or destroyed, only transformed from one form to another | 111 | |
| 871235149 | Second law of thermodynamics | during energy conversions, the universe becomes more disordered, entropy increases | 112 | |
| 871478062 | Gibb's Free Energy | free energy, expressed as "G" | 113 | |
| 871478063 | Exergonic/exothermic | energy released during the course of a reaction | 114 | |
| 871478064 | Endergonic/endothermic | energy absorbed during the course of a reaction | 115 | |
| 871478065 | ____ reactions power the _____ ones. | exergonic, endergonic | 116 | |
| 871478066 | Metabolism | sum of all chemical reactions that take place in cells | 117 | |
| 871478067 | Catabolism | reactions that break down molecules | 118 | |
| 871478068 | Anabolism | reactions that build up molecules | 119 | |
| 871478069 | Pathways | the series in which metabolism functions take place, each pathway holds a specific function | 120 | |
| 871478070 | Enzymes | serve as catalytic proteins that speed up reactions by lowering the energy of activation | 121 | |
| 871478071 | Transition state | the reactive (unstable) condition of the substance after sufficient energy has been absorbed to initiate the reaction | 122 | |
| 871478072 | Enzymes are globular proteins that | exhibit tertiary structure | 123 | |
| 871478073 | Enzymes are substrate | specific | 124 | |
| 871478074 | Induced-fit model | describes how enzymes work | 125 | |
| 871478075 | Enzymes are not _____ in a reaction, they are _____. | destroyed, reused | 126 | |
| 871478076 | Enzyme suffix | "ase" | 127 | |
| 871478077 | lactose (enzyme) | lactase | 128 | |
| 871478078 | Enzyme efficiency is affected by | temperature and pH balance | 129 | |
| 871478079 | What is the optimal temperature for human enzymes? | 37*C or 98.6*F | 130 | |
| 871478080 | Competitive Inhibition | some compounds resemble the substrate molecules and compete for the same active site on the enzyme | 131 | |
| 871478081 | Competitive Inhibitors | reduce the productivity of enzymes by preventing or limiting the substrate from binding to the enzyme | 132 | |
| 871478082 | Allosteric enzymes | shape of the enzyme alters their efficiency | 133 | |
| 871478083 | Feedback inhibition | the end product of the pathway is the allosteric inhibitor that catalyzes an early step in the pathway | 134 | |
| 871728292 | Theory of Endosymbiosis | eukaryotic cells emerged when mitochondria and chloroplasts, once free living prokaryotes, took up permanent residence inside other larger calls, about 1.5 billion years ago | 135 | |
| 871728293 | Most animal and plant cells have a diameter of | 10-100 µm | 136 | |
| 871728294 | µm | microns, micrometers. can also be expresses as um | 137 | |
| 871728295 | Eukaryotic cell | have an internal membrane, compartmentized, led to the rapid evolution of organisms | 138 | |
| 871728296 | What are the general characteristics of cells | enclosed by the plasma membrane, contain semi-fluid called cytosol, contain ribosomes, contain genetic material in the form of DNA | 139 | |
| 871728297 | What are the two types of cells? | prokaryotes and eukaryotes | 140 | |
| 871728298 | Prokaryote characteristics | simple, no nuclei, no other internal membrane, all bacteria, have a nucleoid | 141 | |
| 871728299 | Nucleoid | non-membrane bound region where the chromosome is located | 142 | |
| 871728300 | Eukaryotic characteristics | nucleus bound by double membrane, organelles, inner membrane, compartmentized, human body | 143 | |
| 871728301 | Function dictates | form | 144 | |
| 873546318 | The volume of each cell determines | the amount of metabolic activity the cell carries on | 145 | |
| 873546319 | The surface area of the plasma membrane limits the | amount of material that can enter and leave the cell | 146 | |
| 873546320 | Nucleus (of a non-dividing cell) | contains one or more prominent nucleoli (rRNA is synthesized here), combines proteins imported from the cytoplasm with rRNA made in the nucleolius, non-membrane-bound | 147 | |
| 873546321 | Ribosome | protein factory, free in cytoplasm (protein produced for the cell's own use) or bound to the membrane (meant for export out of the cell) | 148 | |
| 873546322 | Peroxisomes | found in both animal and plant cells, contain catalase, covert hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) with the release of oxygen atoms, detoxify alcohol in liver cells | 149 | |
| 873546323 | Endomembrane system | regulates protein traffic and performs metabolic functions in cells, includes: nuclear envelope, endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, vacuoles, and plasma membrane | 150 |
