Vocabulary for Chapter 45 of Campbell Reece Biology 8th Edition for AP Biology.
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| 146226918 | Hormones | Chemical messengers that are secreted into the extracellular fluid, circulate through the blood or hemolymph, and affect target cells somewhere else in the body | 1 | |
| 146226919 | Endocrine System | Hormones actions | 2 | |
| 146226920 | Types of Hormones | Steroids, amino acid derivatives, or polypeptides | 3 | |
| 146226921 | Target Cells | Cells hormones act upon | 4 | |
| 146226922 | Water-Soluble Hormones | Cannot penetrate the phospholipid bilayer, but rather bind to receptor proteins on the surface of the target cells. Triggers signal transduction. | 5 | |
| 146226923 | Second Messengers | Go on to activate effectors which carry out some sort of action | 6 | |
| 146226924 | Cyclic AMP | A second messenger derived from ATP and triggers specific cellular changes in metabolic regulation | 7 | |
| 146226925 | Inositol Triphosphate | A second messenger derived from membrane phospholipids and triggers the release of CA2+ from the endoplasmic reticulum | 8 | |
| 146226926 | Insulin | A water-soluble hormone. Triggers uptake of glucose from the blood by the liver and body cells | 9 | |
| 146226927 | Cortisol | A lipid-soluble hormone | 10 | |
| 146226928 | Lipid-soluble Hormones | Penetrates the target cell's plasma membrane and diffuse through the cytoplasm. The receptors for these types of hormones are either in the nucleus or they diffuse into the nucleus of the target cell, thereby directly triggering a response. Usually result in gene expression | 11 | |
| 146226929 | Epinephrine | A hormone that triggers glycogen breakdown in the liver, increased blood flow to muscles and decreased blood flow to the GI tract | 12 | |
| 146226930 | Stimulus, Hormone secretion into bloodstream, interaction with receptor, signal transduction, physiological response | Simple Hormone Pathway | 13 | |
| 146226931 | Islets of Langerhans | Clusters of endocrine cells in the pancreas that contain alpha and beta cells | 14 | |
| 146226932 | Beta Cells | When blood glucose levels rise past a certain set point, insulin from these cells triggers uptake of glucose from the blood by the liver and body cells | 15 | |
| 146226933 | Alpha Cells | When blood glucose levels drop past a certain set point glucagon from these cells triggers the release of glucose into blood | 16 | |
| 146226934 | Glucagon | Triggers release of glucose into blood, increasing blood glucose concentrations | 17 | |
| 146235808 | Diabetes Mellitus | Caused by a deficiency of insulin or a decreased response to insulin in target tissues | 18 | |
| 146235809 | Type 1 Diabetes | Insulin Dependent, an autoimmune disease which the immune system destroys beta cells. Detected at a young age and requires insulin treatments | 19 | |
| 146235810 | Type 2 Diabetes | Non-Insulin Dependent, is caused by a failure of target cells to respond normally to insulin. Often sets in at an older age and excess body weight and sedentary lifestyle are risk factors | 20 | |
| 146235811 | Parathyroid Hormone | Stimulates Ca2+ re-absorption in the kidneys and Ca2+ release from the bones | 21 | |
| 146235812 | Calcitonin | Allows for the build up of Ca2+ in bones and allowing for release of Ca2+ in the kidneys | 22 | |
| 146235813 | Neurosecretory Cells | Specialized neurons found in the brain which secrete hormones into the blood. | 23 | |
| 146235814 | Neuroendocrine Signaling | Secretion of hormones from neurosecretory cells | 24 | |
| 146235815 | Neurohormones | Secretions from Neurosecretory cells | 25 | |
| 146235816 | Hypothalamus | Receives information from nerves throughout the body and other parts of the brain, thus monitoring the external environment and internal conditions of the body | 26 | |
| 146235817 | Pituitary Gland | The master gland, located at the base of the hypothalamus | 27 | |
| 146235818 | Posterior Pituitary | ADH and Oxytocin are produced in the hypothalamus and stored here until needed | 28 | |
| 146235819 | ADH | Helps the kidney reabsorb water | 29 | |
| 146235820 | Oxytocin | Stimulates uterine contraction and lactation | 30 | |
| 146235821 | Anterior Pituitary | Releasing hormones are produced by the hypothalamus and secreted into the blood. The blood flows to the anterior pituitary where the releasing hormones stimulate the release of tropic hormones | 31 | |
| 146235822 | Tropic Hormones | Regulate endocrine production by other glands | 32 |
