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| 6202806883 | Heart | Considered the pump of the circulating system | 0 | |
| 6202813562 | Blood vessels | Considered the conducting system of the circulating system | 1 | |
| 6202816042 | Blood | Considered the fluid medium of the circulating system | 2 | |
| 6202842619 | Plasma | Whole blood is made up of around 55% of this medium. This medium is mostly made up of water and dissolved proteins. | 3 | |
| 6202825322 | RBCs | These formed elements make up 99.9% of blood's formed elements and are responsible for the transportation of oxygen. |  | 4 |
| 6202825323 | WBCs | These formed elements are part of the immune system |  | 5 |
| 6202827681 | Platelets | These are not really cells; rather they are cell fragments involved in clotting. |  | 6 |
| 6202836220 | Hemopoiesis | This is the process of producing formed elements from either myeloid or lymphoid stem cells. | 7 | |
| 6202913126 | Myeloid hemopoiesis | Blood formation in the bone marrow is called | 8 | |
| 6202915475 | Lymphoid hemopoiesis | Lymphoid organs that produce lymphocytes undergo what process | 9 | |
| 6202919600 | Albumins | This protein makes up 60% of plasma proteins and is important for maintaining osmotic pressure which maintains correct water balance between blood and tissues. It also acts like a buffer and carrier. |  | 10 |
| 6202950114 | Globulins | These proteins make up 35% of plasma proteins. There are at least 3 recognized forms of this protein: alpha, beta, and gamma. | 11 | |
| 6202959930 | alpha and beta | These globulins transport fat-soluble vitamins and fats. They are produced in the liver along with other proteins. | 12 | |
| 6202971979 | gamma | These globulins are antibodies released in immune response. They came from WBCs called B lymphocytes. | 13 | |
| 6202988880 | Fibrinogens | These are proteins that make up about 4% of plasma protein, associated with the clotting of blood. They produce long strands of proteins called fibrin. | 14 | |
| 6202995279 | Serum | The liquid part of a blood sample in which dissolved fibrinogen has been converted to solid fibrin is called? Think of it like this: It's basically just plasma without the clotting protein. | 15 | |
| 6203039470 | Sodium | Most important plasma cation, making up about 90% of them. These ions are important for the osmolarity of blood. People with HBP are advised not to increase their intake of what? | 16 | |
| 6203050200 | Red Blood Cell Count | This test reports the number of RBCs in 1 microLiter whole blood. | 17 | |
| 6203060618 | 4.5-6.3, 4-5.5 | What is the normal RBC count (in millions) for a male and female adult respectively? | 18 | |
| 6203064323 | Hematocrit | This is the packed cell volume, PCV. It is a test to measure the percentage of RBCs in centrifuged whole blood. | 19 | |
| 6203069299 | 40-54, 37-47 | What is the PCV of a male and female adult respectively? | 20 | |
| 6203074604 | Buffy coat | The "line" between plasma and RBCs in centrifuged whole blood that is composed of WBCs and platelets. | 21 | |
| 6203153409 | Hemoglobin | This is the protein molecule on RBCs that allows for the transportation of respiratory gases. It is a tetra peptide with 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains. | 22 | |
| 6203163948 | 14-18, 12-16 | What is the normal hemoglobin count (in g/dL of whole blood) in a male and female adult? | 23 | |
| 6203170227 | Iron | What is the metal that is bound to the heme of each of the chains on hemoglobin? | 24 | |
| 6203205870 | Fetal hemoglobin | A strong form of this RBC protein. It consists of 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma (instead of beta) chains. This is only found in embryos and allows fetuses to take oxygen directly from the mother's blood. | 25 | |
| 6203245831 | Carbaminohemoglobin | This form of RBC protein is associated with the release of O2 to peripheral tissues in the presence of low O2 levels. And the binding and transportation of CO2 to the lungs. | 26 | |
| 6203256344 | Anemia | When hematocrit and hemoglobin levels are below the normal. This condition is usually caused by a lack of oxygen getting to cells. | 27 | |
| 6203305262 | Erythropoietin | This hormone produced in the kidney can be responsible for some forms of anemia when the kidneys do not produce this enough. This hormone is responsible for RBC production. | 28 | |
| 6203263809 | Hemorrhagic anemia | Low RBC count: Anemia resulting from bleeding | 29 | |
| 6203266581 | Hemolytic anemia | Low RBC Count: Anemia resulting from RBC destruction | 30 | |
| 6203270730 | Aplastic anemia | Low RBC Count: Anemia resulting from destruction to myeloid tissue | 31 | |
| 6203286294 | Iron deficiency anemia | Low Hb Content: Anemia caused by not enough iron in diet | 32 | |
| 6203290236 | Pernicious anemia | Low Hb Content: Anemia caused by lack of vitamin B12 | 33 | |
| 6203325572 | Thallasemia | Abnormal Hb: A genetic disorder in which RBCs are malformed making it harder for O2 to bind. Either the alpha or beta chains are affected but is not universally specific. It can happen to either chains | 34 | |
| 6203350103 | Sickle cell | Abnormal Hb: A genetic disorder in which RBCs are malformed making it harder for O2 to bind. Beta chain point mutation (from E to V) creates an hydrophobic patch. The altered RBCs clump together making it harder to pass through blood vessels and eventually starving tissues of O2. | 35 | |
| 6203404846 | Hemolysis | Rupturing of RBCs membranes | 36 | |
| 6203413001 | Hemoglobinuria | Hemoglobin breakdown products are found in urine due to excessive hemolysis in blood stream | 37 | |
| 6203416983 | Hematuria | Whole RBCs are found in urine due to kidney or tissue damage. | 38 | |
| 6203426002 | Hypoxemia | O2 deficiency in blood | 39 | |
| 6203428224 | Emphysema | Less lung tissues are able to oxygenate the blood | 40 | |
| 6203431766 | Polycythemia | Category of disorders characterized with abnormally high levels of RBCs. | 41 | |
| 6203436867 | Polycythemia vera | Cancerous production of RBC where the erythropoeitc line of the bone marrow is affected | 42 | |
| 6203446591 | Secondary polycythemia | Excessive production of RBCs caused by anything other than cancer, ex: dehydration, changes in altitude, and pregnancy. | 43 | |
| 6203494858 | Biliverdin | Phagocytes convert the heme of RBCs into this. This will further be converted into bilirubin; which is secreted by the liver in the form of bile. Microbiota will convert bilirubin into uorbilins and stercobilins. | 44 | |
| 6203511801 | Transferrin | The transport protein that carries Iron to the liver during RBC recycling. | 45 | |
| 6203516858 | Hemosiderin or Ferritin | The storage proteins that store iron in the liver during RBC recycling. | 46 | |
| 6203539019 | Erythropoiesis | RBC cell formation that only occurs in the myeloid tissue or Red bone marrow. This process takes about 3-5 days. | 47 | |
| 6203542414 | Hemocytoblasts | These are stem cells in the bone marrow that divide to produce myeloid stem cells or lymphoid stem cells. | 48 | |
| 6203560804 | Pluripotent stem cells | Hemocytoblasts are a type of these cells. They can differentiate into cells that the body needs. | 49 | |
| 6203632857 | Proerythroblast | Day 1 of Erythropoiesis | 50 | |
| 6203638524 | Basophilic erythroblast | Day 2 of Erythropoiesis | 51 | |
| 6203641360 | Polychromatic erythroblast | Day 3 of Erythropoiesis | 52 | |
| 6203644516 | Normoblast | Day 4 of Erythropoiesis: nucleus is ejected | 53 | |
| 6203646472 | Reticulocyte | Days 5-7 of Erythropoesis | 54 | |
| 6203700389 | Myeloid stem cells | Stem cells that can become RBCs or some WBCs | 55 | |
| 6203702202 | Lymphoid stem cells | Stem cells that exclusively become lymphocytes. | 56 | |
| 6203776218 | 0.8 | Normal reticulocyte count; which is a test used to determine the percentage of circulating reticulocyte. | 57 | |
| 6203781941 | Reticulocytosis | This is a disorder resulting from elevated levels of reticulocytes circulating. | 58 | |
| 6203802259 | 82-101 | What is the average volume ( in micrometer cubed) of a single RBC? the Mean Corpuscular volume (MCV) measures this. | 59 | |
| 6203812470 | Macrocytic | Larger than average volume of a RBC. | 60 | |
| 6203815178 | Microcytic | Smaller than average volume of RBC | 61 | |
| 6203817965 | 27-34 | What is the average amount of Hemoglobin (in pg/microLiter) in one RBC? The Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) measures this. | 62 | |
| 6203824397 | Hyperchromic | Higher than average Hb count in one RBC | 63 | |
| 6203826991 | Hypochromic | Lower than average Hb count in one RBC | 64 | |
| 6203846306 | Agglutinogens | These are the antigens on the surface of RBCs. They are constantly screened by the immune system. | 65 | |
| 6203978063 | 6000-9000 | Normal WBCs count in blood. This number usually increases in the presence of foreign pathogens. | 66 | |
| 6204038705 | Granulocytes | These types of WBCs contain granules easily visible under the microscope. |  | 67 |
| 6204152470 | Agranulocytes | These types of WBCs do not contain granules. |  | 68 |
| 6204161552 | Neutrophils | Most abundant WBCs (50-70%), first to attack bacteria; usually rises in response to bacterial infection. Can perform phagocytosis. They are also called polymorphonuclear leukocytes. |  | 69 |
| 6204191754 | Eosinophils | Makes up 2-4% of circulating WBCs. They attack large parasites. These are also called acidophils. They are also sensitive to allergies and control inflammation |  | 70 |
| 6204220053 | Basophils | Make up less than 1 percent of circulating WBCs. They are small and accumulate in damaged tissue. These cells release histamine (vasodilator) and heparin (prevents blood clotting) |  | 71 |
| 6204243083 | Monocytes | Make up 2-8% of circulating WBCs. They are large and spherical. When they enter peripheral tissues, they become macrophages. They increase in response to viral/ fungal infections. They are engaged in phagocytosis. They secrete substances that attract immune cells and fibroblasts to injured areas. |  | 72 |
| 6204256302 | Lymphocytes | Makes up 20-30% of circulating WBCs. These are larger than RBCs and they migrate in and out of the blood. They are mostly found in connective tissues and lymphatic organs. They are a part of the body's specific defense system. | | 73 |
| 6204269842 | B cells | These types of lymphocytes differentiate into cells that produce antibodies. | 74 | |
| 6204273976 | T cells | They types of lymphocytes attack viruses, fungi, translated cells, cancers, some bacteria, and some allergic reactions. | 75 | |
| 6204279154 | Natural killer cells | These types of lymphocytes attach a wide range of infectious microbes and certain spontaneously arising tumor cells. | 76 | |
| 6204306937 | Leukopenia | abnormally low WBC count | 77 | |
| 6204308935 | leukocytosis | abnormally higher WBC count | 78 | |
| 6204311198 | leukemia | extremely high WBC count; cancerous. | 79 | |
| 6204377765 | 150-500 | Normal platelet count (in thousands per microL) | 80 | |
| 6204380213 | Thrombocytopenia | Abnormally low platelet count | 81 | |
| 6204382058 | Thrombocytosis | Abnormally high platelet count. | 82 | |
| 6204418151 | Thrombocytopoiesis | The process of platelet production. This occurs in the bone marrow. | 83 | |
| 6204446567 | Hemostasis | This is a 3 step process of clotting | 84 | |
| 6204449642 | Vascular phase | First stage in hemostasis. This, itself, occurs in 3 steps. This step lasts for 30 minute where spasms are triggered and contractions try to narrow vessels. | 85 | |
| 6204574490 | Platelet Phase | Second stage in hemostasis. This begins 15 seconds after injury where platelets adhere to sticky surfaces and aggregate to form a plug. | 86 | |
| 6204718449 | Coagulation Phase | Third stage in hemostasis. This begins 30 seconds or more after injury. This final step involves the usage of fibrin threads to reinforce the platelet plug originally formed in the previous step. | 87 | |
| 6205148592 | thrombus | a clot that forms and persists in an unbroken vessel. This may block vessel and cause death of that tissue as in heart attack. | 88 | |
| 6205156068 | coronary thrombosis | Clot in the heart | 89 | |
| 6205158530 | Embolus | a detached clot which may also eventually cause blockage and lead to death. | 90 |
