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| 14778251 | PALEOLITHIC (OLD STONE) AGE [p.7] | The Old Stone Age ending in 12,000 B.C.E.; typified by use of crude stone tools and hunting and gathering for subsistence. | 0 | |
| 14778252 | HOMO SAPIENS SAPIENS | The human species that emerged as most successful at the end of the Paleolithic Age. | 1 | |
| 16484026 | NEOLITHIC (NEW STONE) AGE | The New Stone Age between 8000 and 5000 B.C.E.; period in which adaptation of sedentary agriculture occured; domestication of plants and animals accomplished. | 2 | |
| 16484027 | NEOLITHIC REVOLUTION | The succession of technological innovations and changes that led to the development of agriculture, 8500-3500B.C.E. | 3 | |
| 16484028 | HUNTING AND GATHERING | Means of obtaining subsistence by human species prior to the adaptation of sedentary agriculture; normallu typical of band social organization. | 4 | |
| 16484029 | BRONZE AGE | From about 4000 B.C.E., when bronze tools were first introduced in the Middle East, to about 1500 B.C.E., when iron began to replace it. | 5 | |
| 16484030 | SLASH AND BURN AGRICULTURE | A system of cultivation typical of shifting cultivators; forest floors cleared by fire are then planted. | 6 | |
| 16484031 | BANDS | A level of social organization normally consisting of 20 to 30 people; nomadic hunters and gatherers; labor divided on a gender basis. | 7 | |
| 16484147 | ÇATAL HÜYÜK | Early urban culture based on sedentary agriculture; located in modern southern Turkey; was larger in population than Jericho, had a greater degree of social stratification. | 8 | |
| 16484148 | CIVILIZATION | Societies distinguished by reliance on sedentary agriculture, ability to produce food surpluses, and existence of nonfarming elites, as well as merchant and manufacturing groups. | 9 | |
| 16484149 | CUNEIFORM | A form of writing developed by the Sumerians using a wedge shaped stylus and clay tablets. | 10 | |
| 16484150 | NOMADS | Cattle- and sheep-herding societies normally found on the fringes of civilized societies; commonly referred to as "barbarian" by civilized societies. | 11 | |
| 16484151 | MESOPOTAMIA | Literally " between the rivers"; the civilizations that arose in the alluvial plain of the Tigris-Euphrates river valleys. | 12 | |
| 16484152 | SUMERIANS | People who migrated into Mesopotamia c. 4000 B.C.E.; created first civilization within region; organized area into city-states. | 13 | |
| 16484153 | ZIGGURATS | Massive towers usually associated with Mesopotamian temple complexes. | 14 | |
| 16484154 | CITY-STATE | A form of political organization typical of Mesopotamian civilizations; consisted of agricultural hinterlands ruled by an urban-based king. | 15 | |
| 16484155 | BABYLONIAN EMPIRE | Unified all of Mesopotamia c. 1800 B.C.E.; collapsed due to foreign invasion c. 1600 B.C.E. | 16 | |
| 16484156 | HAMMURABI | The most important ruler of the Babylonian Empire; responsible for codification of law. | 17 | |
| 16500347 | PHARAOH | Title of kings of ancient Egypt. | 18 | |
| 16500348 | PYRAMIDS | Monumental architecture typical of Old Kingdom Egypt; used as burial sites for pharaohs. | 19 | |
| 16500349 | KUSH | An African state that developed along the upper reaches of the Nile c. 1000 B.C.E.; conqured Egypt and ruled it for several centuries. | 20 | |
| 16500350 | INDUS RIVER VALLEY | River sources in Himalayas to mouth in Arabian Sea; location of Harappam civilization. | 21 | |
| 16500351 | HARAPPA | Along with Mohenjo-daro, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. | 22 | |
| 16500352 | MOHENJO DARO | Along with Harappa, major urban complex of the Harappan civilization; laid out on planned grid pattern. | 23 | |
| 16500353 | HUANGHE (YELLOW RIVER) | Also known as Yellow River; site of the development of sedentary agriculture in China. | 24 | |
| 16500354 | IDEOGRAPHIC WRITING | Pictographic characters grouped together to create new concepts; typical of Chinese writing. | 25 | |
| 16500677 | CHICHIMECS | American hunting and gathering groups; largely responsible for the disruption of early civilizations in Mesoamerica. | 26 | |
| 16500678 | SHANG | First Chinese dynasty for which archeological evidence exists; capital located in Ordos bend. | 27 | |
| 16500679 | PHOENICIANS | Seafaring civilization located on the shores of the eastern Mediterranean; established colonies throughout the Mediterranean. | 28 | |
| 16520688 | HARAPPAN CIVILIZATION | First civilization of Indian subcontinent; emerged in Indus River Valley c. 2500 B.C.E. | 29 | |
| 16520689 | LOESS | Fine grained soil deposited in Ordos bend by winds from central Asia; created fertile soil for sedentary agricultural communities. | 30 | |
| 16520690 | MANDATE OF HEAVEN | The divine source for political legitimacy of Chinese rulers; established by Zhou to justify overthrow of Shang. | 31 | |
| 16520691 | MONOTHEISM | The exclusive worship of a single god; introduced by the Jews into Western civilization. | 32 |
