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| 9432849317 | Central Nervous System | central processing center composed of the brain and the spinal cord | 0 | |
| 9432855520 | Peripheral nervous system | network of all the nerves in the body that sends messages to and from the central processing center | 1 | |
| 9432869038 | Neuron | made up of dendrites, axon, and cell body | 2 | |
| 9432871591 | Dendrites | one or more- Receives information | 3 | |
| 9432875470 | Body | contains the nucleus and organelles for protein synthesis | 4 | |
| 9432880880 | Axon | carries the nerve impulse along its length to the synaptic knobs at the end of the neuron | 5 | |
| 9432893410 | Multipolar neurons | "generic" neuron. o Multiple dendrites and an axon that may or may not have a collateral branch o Most common type of neuron in the brain and spinal cord o Motor Neurons o Efferent. Carry messages away from the brain and spinal cord -located brain and spinal cord. Motor messages. Efferent | 6 | |
| 9432895176 | Bipolar neurons | o One dendrite and one axon o Nasal cavity, retina of the eye, inner ear o Sensory neurons o Afferent- electrical messages they carry travel toward the brain | 7 | |
| 9432901408 | Unipolar neurons | o One process that serves as dendrite and axon with cell body pushed off to the side o Sensory neurons o Skin, organs, and other areas where bipolar neurons are not present o Afferent o Cell bodies of many unipolar neurons are grouped together to form ganglia. | 8 | |
| 9432907734 | Neuroglia | the body contains billons of neurons of these three types, but these neurons can't function alone. They need the neuroglia - "support cells" aka nerve glue. | 9 | |
| 9432923467 | Oligodendrocytes | form myelin in the CNS | 10 | |
| 9432925524 | Ependymal cells | produce cerebrospinal fluid in the CNS | 11 | |
| 9432930148 | Astrocytes | form the blood brain barrier, regulate composition of CSF, and form scar tissue in the CNS | 12 | |
| 9432940489 | Microglia | provide protection by seeking and removing damaged cells, debris and pathogens in the CNS | 13 | |
| 9432947639 | Schwann Cells | form myelin in the PNS and help damaged myelinated axons regenerate. Regulate the chemical environment of ganglia in the PNS | 14 | |
| 9432959506 | Meninges | 3 membranes that line the cranial and vertebral cavities -dura mater -arachnoid mater -pia mater | 15 | |
| 9432969093 | Dura mater | "tough mother" Most superficial layer | 16 | |
| 9432971522 | Arachnoid mater | "spider-like mother" Very delicate, web-like layer deep to dura mater | 17 | |
| 9432974446 | Pia mater | "affectional mother" Tight to the brain and spinal cord | 18 | |
| 9432977230 | Epidural space | between the vertebrae and the dura mater surrounding the spinal cord Contains blood vessels, adipose tissue, and loose connective tissue Anesthetics can be administered into this space during surgeries and child birth. | 19 | |
| 9432980073 | subarachnoid space | the space between the arachnoid mater and pia mater Contains cerebrospinal fluid | 20 | |
| 9432987091 | Cerebrospinal fluid | circulates through the ventricles, into the central canal of the spinal cord and through the subarachnoid space around the outside of the brain & spinal cord. o Ependymal cells have cilia to circulate • It is reabsorbed in dural sinus within dura mater. • Secretion and absorption of CSF is at equal rates to keep a constant hydrostatic pressure. | 21 | |
| 9432995744 | Functions of cerebrospinal fluid | 1. Provides buoyancy o The floor of the cranial cavity is bone with various ridges. The CSF allows the brain to float in the cranial cavity. Without the CSF, nervous tissue would be damaged by the sheer weight of the brain against the bony floor. 2. Provides protection o The CSF cushions the brain from impact. 3. Facilitates chemical stability o The CSF rinses metabolic wastes from the brain and spinal cord and helps regulate the chemical environment. One way it does this is by removing excess hydrogen ions. 4. Provides nutrients o The CSF provides CNS tissues with some nutrients—like glucose. | 22 | |
| 9433000163 | Cerebrum | characterized by a series of grooves and folds on its surface | 23 | |
| 9433006218 | Sulci | grooves on cerebrum | 24 | |
| 9433008204 | Gyri | folds on cerebrum | 25 | |
| 9433011863 | longitudinal fissure | separates the cerebrum into right and left hemispheres | 26 | |
| 9433015450 | Corpus callosum | white fibrous band, deep to the fissure. Keeps the right and left hemispheres connected. Appears white because of myelinated axons carrying messages back and forth between hemispheres allowing them to communicate. | 27 | |
| 9433017953 | Cortex | superficial part of the cerebrum Composed of gray matter Most of the brains dendrites and cell bodies are located here Conscious thought and voluntary actions arise in the cortex | 28 | |
| 9433027052 | Frontal lobe | • Contains premotor and primary motor areas • Motivation and aggression are located here • Contains broca's area for language | 29 | |
| 9433030566 | Parietal lobe | • Sense of touch • Higher level processes for math and problem solving | 30 | |
| 9433033099 | Temporal lobe | • Sense of hearing • Contains wernicke's area for language | 31 | |
| 9433034782 | Occipital lobe | sense of vision | 32 | |
| 9433037771 | Insula | Not much is known | 33 | |
| 9433041476 | Diencephalon | located deep to the cerebrum. includes the thalamus and hypothalamus | 34 | |
| 9433045334 | Thalamus | Switching station for incoming sensory messages Sends message to appropriate lobe of the cerebrum | 35 | |
| 9433047571 | Hypothalamus | Monitoring station for maintaining homeostasis Regulates temperature Performs autonomic and endocrine functions | 36 | |
| 9433049631 | Brainstem | -includes midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata, reticular formation o Located in the cranial cavity inferior to the diencephalon and anterior to the cerebellum o All parts include tracts of neurons traveling to and from the spinal cord | 37 | |
| 9433063949 | Midbrain | Appears as a hook Has colliculi for vision and hearing | 38 | |
| 9433065785 | Pons | Appears as a bulge between the midbrain and the cerebellum Serves as a bridge to the cerebellum for efferent motor messages | 39 | |
| 9433067777 | Medulla oblongata | Most inferior part of the brainstem Motor messages cross sides at the pyramids Contains centers to regulate heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate, and blood vessel diameter | 40 | |
| 9433069788 | Reticular formation | Groups of cell bodies located throughout the brainstem Determines if sensory messages will be consciously perceived by the cerebrum Responsible for sleep-wake cycle | 41 | |
| 9433078729 | Cerebellum | o Receives input of body part location o Uses that info in fine tuning efferent motor messages to maintain coordination, balance and smooth muscles |  | 42 |
| 9433201502 | central sulci | 43 | ||
| 9433205420 | pituitary gland | 44 | ||
| 9433208076 | fourth ventricle | 45 | ||
| 9433210642 | spinal cord | 46 | ||
| 9433212561 | central sulcus | 47 | ||
| 9433213530 | parietal lobe | 48 | ||
| 9433214798 | occipital lobe | 49 | ||
| 9433215418 | cerebellum | 50 | ||
| 9433216651 | thalamus | 51 | ||
| 9433217704 | medulla oblongata | 52 | ||
| 9433218501 | pons | 53 | ||
| 9433220453 | hypothalamus | 54 | ||
| 9433221138 | frontal lobe | 55 | ||
| 9433222822 | corpus callosum | 56 | ||
| 9433223972 | midbrain | 57 | ||
| 9433263142 | Sensory | afferent only | 58 | |
| 9433264545 | Motor | efferent only | 59 | |
| 9433264546 | Mixed | afferent and efferent | 60 | |
| 9433270063 | 1. Olfactory nerve | sensory- smell | 61 | |
| 9433272561 | 2. optic nerve | sensory- vision | 62 | |
| 9433274950 | 3. oculomotor nerve | motor- eye movement | 63 | |
| 9433277755 | 4. trochlear nerve | motor- eye movement | 64 | |
| 9433280069 | 5. trigeminal nerve | both. sensory- pain, touch, temp for the eye and upper and lower jaw. Motor- muscles for chewing | 65 | |
| 9433289957 | 6. abducens nerve | motor- eye movement | 66 | |
| 9433293429 | 7. facial nerve | both. Sensory- taste; motor- facial expression | 67 | |
| 9433298668 | 8. auditory (vestibulocochlear) nerve | sensory- hearing and equilibrium | 68 | |
| 9433311613 | 9. Glossopharyngeal nerve | both. sensory- taste; motor- swallowing | 69 | |
| 9433327148 | 10. Vagus nerve | Both. sensory/motor- organs in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. motor- larynx | 70 | |
| 9433334732 | 11. accessory nerve | Motor- trapezius, sternocleidomastoid, and muscles of the larynx | 71 | |
| 9433338657 | 12. Hypoglossal nerve | motor- tongue | 72 | |
| 9433343385 | Spinal nerves | o Thirty-one pairs of spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord by dorsal and ventral roots. o The dorsal root is sensory/afferent • Dorsal root ganglion—collection of unipolar sensory neuron cell bodies • Each sensory nerve correlates to specific segments of the skin: dermatomes o The ventral root is motor/efferent. | 73 | |
| 9433348800 | ANS Sympathetic Division | o Thoracolumbar origin o Somatic motor of spinal nerve= 1 fiber o Neurotransmitter: ACh o ANS= 2 fibers o NT: Pre-ganglia= ACh; Post ganglia= norepinephrine (NE) also called noradrenaline o Pre-ganglionic fiber - exiting the spinal cord ----- SHORT (ends at sympathetic chain ganglia or collateral ganglia) o Post ganglionic fiber - what continues the rest of the way (connects w/ tissue) - LONG (continue to pass message along to target tissue-lungs, ovaries, etc.) secretes NE at target tissues. Inhibits or excites based on what type of receptor is on target tissues. | 74 | |
| 9433352010 | ANS Parasympathetic Division | o "rest and digest" o Does the opposite of what sympathetic division does o Craniosacral origin (off of the brainstem, and sacral region) o Terminal Ganglia (in target tissue) results from: o Pre-ganglionic fibers= LONG---- ACh o Post ganglionic fibers= SHORT----- ACh | 75 | |
| 9433358848 | resting membrane potential | the basis for a nerve impulse and therefore must be maintained | 76 | |
| 9433365834 | polarized membrane | the outside is positive and the inside is negative. • Sodium flows into the cell = depolarization o The cell becomes more positive (or less negative) | 77 | |
| 9433368615 | Repolarization | • Potassium flows out of the cell o The cell becomes more negative | 78 | |
| 9433375122 | Local potentials | start at a dendrite and travel toward the trigger zone. Local potential has the following characteristics: graded, decrimental, reversible, excitatory or inhibitory, | 79 | |
| 9433385241 | Graded | strength determined by the amount of ion flow | 80 | |
| 9433386730 | Decrimental | effects decrease with distance | 81 | |
| 9433389269 | reversible | returns to normal after stimulation | 82 | |
| 9433391157 | excitatory or inhibitory | can result in depolarization or hyperpolarization | 83 | |
| 9433397686 | Action potentials | travel from the trigger zone to the synaptic knob. • They require a threshold stimulus and have an all-or-nothing effect. • They are not graded, decrimental, or reversible. • Myelination allows for the speed of an action potential. | 84 | |
| 9433406690 | Immediate memory | o Lasts for a few seconds o When reading a sentence, remembering the beginning of the sentence to be able to understand the meaning of the full sentence | 85 | |
| 9433408082 | Short-term memory | o Lasts a few seconds to a few hours o May be lost if you are distracted | 86 | |
| 9433412155 | Long-term memory | o May last a lifetime and is not limited as to the amount of information it can hold o Each time a dendrite is stimulated, a local potential is generated. o A chemical change takes place inside the neuron as well, if the chemical change takes place often enough, the dendrite is stimulated to grow and make new and broader connections. o The more dendrites a neuron has the more info it can process o The added connections form the memory, so a chemical change at the molecular level causes a physical change in the size and shape of the neuron | 87 | |
| 9433414746 | Wernicke's area | o Used to interpret incoming language o People who have had damage to this area may speak clearly but we are unable to understand the language directed to them | 88 | |
| 9433416945 | broca's area | o Used to find the words for outgoing language o If brain damage occurred in this area, a person is perfectly capable of understanding incoming language but may not be able to find the words to respond | 89 | |
| 9433427333 | Nutritional requirements of nervous system | sodium and potassium | 90 | |
| 9433467328 | Effects of aging | • Short-term memory is affected relatively early • Verbal skills and vocabulary usually begin to decline around 70 • Intellectual performance may slow but remain high until about 80 • Reaction time slows due to a decrease in neuron efficienc | 91 |
