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AP Chemistry - Exam Review Flashcards

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6538487591Heisenberg uncertainty principlestates that it is impossible to know simultaneously the exact position and momentum of a particle. That is, the more exactly the position is determined, the less known the momentum, and vice versa.0
6538487592Pauli exclusion principletwo or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously.1
6538487593Hund's ruleevery orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.2
6538487594Shielding effectdescribes the attraction between an electron and the nucleus in any atom with more than one electron shell. Shielding effect can be defined as a reduction in the effective nuclear charge on the electron cloud, due to a difference in the attraction forces of the electrons on the nucleus.3
6538487595Wave nature of matterwavelength is inversely proportional to the momentum of a particle.4
6538487596Orbital notation5
6538487597Hybridizationis the idea that atomic orbitals fuse to form newly hybridized orbitals, which in turn, influences molecular geometry and bonding properties.6
6538487598VSEPRValence shell electron pair repulsion theory is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms.7
6538487599Acid base titration calculation8
6538487600Molarity9
6538487601Empirical formula10
6538487602Balancing equations11
6538487603AlphaAlpha decay is the loss of an α-particle (a helium nucleus).12
6538487604Positron Emission13
6538487605BetaBeta decay is the loss of a β-particle (a high energy electron).14
6538487606Gamma15
6538487607Combined gas lawwhen we put Boyle's law, Charles' law, and Gay-Lussac's law together, we come up with the combined gas law, which shows that: Pressure is inversely proportional to volume, or higher volume equals lower pressure. Pressure is directly proportional to temperature, or higher temperature equals higher pressure.16
6538487608Hess' lawstates that regardless of the multiple stages or steps of a reaction, the total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes. This law is a manifestation that enthalpy is a state function.17
6538487609Quantum numbersrefer to the outermost valence electrons of the Carbon (C) atom, which are located in the 2p atomic orbital, are; n = 2 (2nd electron shell), ℓ = 1 (p orbital subshell), mℓ = 1, 0 or −1, ms = ½ (parallel spins).18
6538487610Polarity19
6538487611Solubilitythe ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a saturated solution.20
6538487612Molar mass from gas law data21
6538487613Gas Lawequal volumes of all ideal gases (at the same temperature and pressure) contain the same number of molecules.22
6538487614One mole of an ideal gas has a volume of22.4 litres at STP23
6538487615kinetic molecular theorydescribes a gas as a large number of submicroscopic particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant rapid motion that has randomness arising from their many collisions with each other and with the walls of the container.24
6538487616Electrolytesare salts or molecules that ionize completely in solution. As a result, electrolyte solutions readily conduct electricity25
6538487617Nonelectrolytesnonelectrolytes do not dissociate into ions in solution; nonelectrolyte solutions do not, therefore, conduct electricity.26
6538487618Physical Changecan see the change27
6538487619Chemical Changemolecules change28
6538487620Densityis an intensive property- does depend on the amount. ex: heat.29
6538487621Isomerssame formula but different structure.30
6538487622Descriptive chemistry - the halogensa group in the periodic table consisting of five chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).31
6538487623Molecular geometry32
6538487624Lewis Structureso-o-o33
6538487625Stoichiometry34
6538487626Nuclear Equations35
6538487627Calculating delta H using bond energies36
6538487628Manometeran instrument that uses a column of liquid to measure pressure, although the term is currently often used to mean any pressure measuring instrument.37
6538487629From celsius to fahrenheitC=5/9 (F-32)38
6538487630From fahrenheit to celsiusF=9/5 (C) + 3239
6538487631Kelvin to celsiusK= C+273.1540
6538487632Sig Figs+- : Answer has same number of decimal places as number with fewest decimal places x/ : Anwer has same number of sig figs as number with fewest sig figs41
6538487633Percent Yieldwhat you got/what you should've gotten42
6538487634Concentrationmolarity/Liters43
6538487635Energythe capacity to do work or make heat44
6538487636Kineticmotion KE=1/2mv^245
65384876371st Law of Thermodynamicstotal energy lost/gained is equal to the total energy gained/lost by its surrounding system. ΔE=q+w46
6538487638Endothermicabsorption of heat.47
6538487639Exothermicexpulsion of heat.48
6538487640More reactive trendup and to the right49
6538487641Specific Heat Capacityamount of energy required to raise 1g 1C heat= (g heated)(specific heat)(change in temperature) oorrr q=mΔT50
6538487642Electron CaptureAddition of an electron to a proton in the nucleus is known as electron capture or K-capture. The result of this process is that a proton is transformed into a neutron.51
6538487643Positron EmissionSome nuclei decay by emitting a positron, a particle that has the same mass as but an opposite charge to that of an electron.52
6538487644Lattice Energy53
6538487645Titration54

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