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AP Chemistry - Exam Review Flashcards

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5874028553Heisenberg uncertainty principlestates that it is impossible to know simultaneously the exact position and momentum of a particle. That is, the more exactly the position is determined, the less known the momentum, and vice versa.0
5874029636Pauli exclusion principletwo or more identical fermions (particles with half-integer spin) cannot occupy the same quantum state within a quantum system simultaneously.1
5874029637Hund's ruleevery orbital in a subshell is singly occupied with one electron before any one orbital is doubly occupied, and all electrons in singly occupied orbitals have the same spin.2
5874031316Shielding effectdescribes the attraction between an electron and the nucleus in any atom with more than one electron shell. Shielding effect can be defined as a reduction in the effective nuclear charge on the electron cloud, due to a difference in the attraction forces of the electrons on the nucleus.3
5874033738Wave nature of matterwavelength is inversely proportional to the momentum of a particle.4
5874034527Orbital notation5
5874038112Hybridizationis the idea that atomic orbitals fuse to form newly hybridized orbitals, which in turn, influences molecular geometry and bonding properties.6
5874038113VSEPRValence shell electron pair repulsion theory is a model used in chemistry to predict the geometry of individual molecules from the number of electron pairs surrounding their central atoms.7
5874040640Acid base titration calculation8
5874040641Molarity9
5874043379Empirical formula10
5874043380Balancing equations11
5874045977AlphaAlpha decay is the loss of an α-particle (a helium nucleus).12
5905734758Positron Emission13
5874045978BetaBeta decay is the loss of a β-particle (a high energy electron).14
5874045979Gamma15
5874047230Combined gas lawwhen we put Boyle's law, Charles' law, and Gay-Lussac's law together, we come up with the combined gas law, which shows that: Pressure is inversely proportional to volume, or higher volume equals lower pressure. Pressure is directly proportional to temperature, or higher temperature equals higher pressure.16
5874048634Hess' lawstates that regardless of the multiple stages or steps of a reaction, the total enthalpy change for the reaction is the sum of all changes. This law is a manifestation that enthalpy is a state function.17
5874049770Quantum numbersrefer to the outermost valence electrons of the Carbon (C) atom, which are located in the 2p atomic orbital, are; n = 2 (2nd electron shell), ℓ = 1 (p orbital subshell), mℓ = 1, 0 or −1, ms = ½ (parallel spins).18
5874049771Polarity19
5874147764Solubilitythe ability for a given substance, the solute, to dissolve in a solvent. It is measured in terms of the maximum amount of solute dissolved in a solvent at equilibrium. The resulting solution is called a saturated solution.20
5874051539Molar mass from gas law data21
5874190129Gas Lawequal volumes of all ideal gases (at the same temperature and pressure) contain the same number of molecules.22
5885679768One mole of an ideal gas has a volume of22.4 litres at STP23
5874051540kinetic molecular theorydescribes a gas as a large number of submicroscopic particles (atoms or molecules), all of which are in constant rapid motion that has randomness arising from their many collisions with each other and with the walls of the container.24
5874053788Electrolytesare salts or molecules that ionize completely in solution. As a result, electrolyte solutions readily conduct electricity25
5874053789Nonelectrolytesnonelectrolytes do not dissociate into ions in solution; nonelectrolyte solutions do not, therefore, conduct electricity.26
5874057736Physical Changecan see the change27
5874057737Chemical Changemolecules change28
5874059394Densityis an intensive property- does depend on the amount. ex: heat.29
5874059395Isomerssame formula but different structure.30
5874059396Descriptive chemistry - the halogensa group in the periodic table consisting of five chemically related elements: fluorine (F), chlorine (Cl), bromine (Br), iodine (I), and astatine (At).31
5874061491Molecular geometry32
5874061492Lewis Structureso-o-o33
5874063470Stoichiometry34
5874063471Nuclear Equations35
5874073941Calculating delta H using bond energies36
5874075110Manometeran instrument that uses a column of liquid to measure pressure, although the term is currently often used to mean any pressure measuring instrument.37
5874219067From celsius to fahrenheitC=5/9 (F-32)38
5874223010From fahrenheit to celsiusF=9/5 (C) + 3239
5874226399Kelvin to celsiusK= C+273.1540
5874235522Sig Figs+- : Answer has same number of decimal places as number with fewest decimal places x/ : Anwer has same number of sig figs as number with fewest sig figs41
5874278270Percent Yieldwhat you got/what you should've gotten42
5874284226Concentrationmolarity/Liters43
5874286165Energythe capacity to do work or make heat44
5874287486Kineticmotion KE=1/2mv^245
58742915771st Law of Thermodynamicstotal energy lost/gained is equal to the total energy gained/lost by its surrounding system. ΔE=q+w46
5874302184Endothermicabsorption of heat.47
5874302185Exothermicexpulsion of heat.48
5874303495More reactive trendup and to the right49
5874311647Specific Heat Capacityamount of energy required to raise 1g 1C heat= (g heated)(specific heat)(change in temperature) oorrr q=mΔT50
5874333120Electron CaptureAddition of an electron to a proton in the nucleus is known as electron capture or K-capture. The result of this process is that a proton is transformed into a neutron.51
5874333121Positron EmissionSome nuclei decay by emitting a positron, a particle that has the same mass as but an opposite charge to that of an electron.52
5874337345Lattice Energy53
5885691677Titration54

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