Comprehensive review of AP Chemistry concepts and terminology in preparation for AP test
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| 1619227166 | critical point | temperature-pressure point after which gas can no longer form liquid | 0 | |
| 1619227167 | triple point | temperature-pressure combination at which solid, liquid, and gas states appear | 1 | |
| 1619227168 | sublimation | phase change from solid to gas | 2 | |
| 1619227169 | deposition | phase change from gas to solid | 3 | |
| 1619227170 | solid CO2 | chemical composition of dry ice | 4 | |
| 1619227171 | equilibrium | happens at lines in phase change charts | 5 | |
| 1619227172 | London dispersion forces | universal IMF for nonpolar molecules | 6 | |
| 1619227173 | Dipole-dipole forces | IMF that exists in polar molecules | 7 | |
| 1619227174 | Hydrogen bonding | IMF that occurs with FON | 8 | |
| 1619227175 | effects of IMF | boiling point, melting point, viscosity, vapor pressure, surface tension | 9 | |
| 1619227176 | viscosity | thickness | 10 | |
| 1619227177 | vapor pressure | stronger IMF= lower... weaker IMF= higher... | 11 | |
| 1619227178 | N=N.(0.5)^time/time half-life | half-life equation | 12 | |
| 1619227179 | octahedral | AX6 | 13 | |
| 1619227180 | square pyramidal | AX5E | 14 | |
| 1619227181 | square planar | AX4E2 | 15 | |
| 1619227182 | trigonal bipyramidal | AX5 | 16 | |
| 1619227183 | see-saw | AX4E | 17 | |
| 1619227184 | T-shape | AX3E2 | 18 | |
| 1619227185 | methods of increasing rate | raising heat, adding catalyst, heighten concentration, bigger surface area | 19 | |
| 1619227186 | ∆Hvap | energy needed to vaporize a mole of a liquid | 20 | |
| 1619227187 | boiling point | point at which vapor pressure=air pressure above | 21 | |
| 1619227188 | fusion | melting | 22 | |
| 1619227189 | London dispersion forces | larger molecules which have higher mass and therefore electron density have stronger... | 23 | |
| 1619227190 | bond energy | energy needed to break a bond | 24 | |
| 1619227191 | always | ∆H | ∆S is spontaneous... - | + | 25 | |
| 1619227192 | at low temperatures | ∆H | ∆S is spontaneous... - | - | 26 | |
| 1619227193 | at high temperatures | ∆H | ∆S is spontaneous... + | + | 27 | |
| 1619227194 | never | ∆H | ∆S is spontaneous... + | - | 28 | |
| 1619227195 | + ∆S | greater # of moles of gas formed and greater volume formed cause... | 29 | |
| 1619227196 | + ∆S | gas > liquid > solid and (aq)>(s) cause... | 30 | |
| 1619227197 | + ∆S | diatomic molecules forming mixed molecules, e.g. H2 + I2 -> 2HI, means... | 31 | |
| 1619227198 | adiabatic | change without heat transfer between the system and its surroundings | 32 | |
| 1619227199 | isothermal | change that occurs at constant temperature | 33 | |
| 1619227200 | heat capacity | amount of heat needed to change a system by 1˚C | 34 | |
| 1619227201 | specific heat | heat needed to change 1 g of substance to 1˚C | 35 | |
| 1619227202 | 4.184 | specific heat of water | 36 | |
| 1619227203 | ionic | ... compounds are most conductive | 37 | |
| 1619227204 | -ous acid | if anion ends in -ite, acid name ends in... | 38 | |
| 1619227205 | -ic acid | if anion ends in -ate, acid name ends in... | 39 | |
| 1619227206 | hydro-ic acid | if anion ends in -ide, acid name ends in | 40 | |
| 1619227207 | Balmer Series | spectrum of light when an electron drops to energy level n=2 | 41 | |
| 1619227208 | red | when n=3 ->2, color= | 42 | |
| 1619227209 | blue-green | when n=4 ->2, color= | 43 | |
| 1619227210 | blue-violet | when n=5 ->2, color= | 44 | |
| 1619227211 | violet | when n=6 ->2, color= | 45 | |
| 1619227212 | n (first quantum number) | variable for energy of e-, goes from 1,2,3 on up | 46 | |
| 1619227213 | l (second quantum number) | variable for type of orbital | 47 | |
| 1619227214 | s | l=0 | 48 | |
| 1619227215 | p | l=1 | 49 | |
| 1619227216 | d | l=2 | 50 | |
| 1619227217 | f | l=3 | 51 | |
| 1619227218 | m (third quantum number) | variable for orientation of orbital (-1 through +1) | 52 | |
| 1619227219 | s (fourth quantum number) | variable for spin of electron (+.5 or -.5) | 53 | |
| 1619227220 | s orbitals | these orbitals are spherical | 54 | |
| 1619227221 | p orbitals | these orbitals are perpendicular | 55 | |
| 1619227222 | d orbitals | these orbitals are diagonal | 56 | |
| 1619227223 | electron affinity | energy involved in gaining an electron to become a negative ion | 57 | |
| 1619227224 | C + 273 | calculation from K to C | 58 | |
| 1619227225 | Boltzmann distribution | states molecules at a given temp. vary in kinetic energy along a bell-curve of molecular velocities | 59 | |
| 1619227226 | Diffusion | mixing of gases | 60 | |
| 1619227227 | Effusion | passage of gas through tiny orifice | 61 | |
| 1619227228 | moles solute/kg solvent | molality = | 62 | |
| 1619227229 | g solute/g solvent x 100 | mass percent | 63 | |
| 1619227230 | like | like dissolves... | 64 | |
| 1619227231 | entropy (S) | degree of disorder in a system | 65 | |
| 1619227232 | increasing | entropy in the universe is always... | 66 | |
| 1619227233 | spontaneous | If K>1, then Gº<0 and reaction will be...at chemical equilibrium | 67 | |
| 1619227234 | not spontaneous | If K<1, then Gº>0 and reaction will be...at chemical equilibrium | 68 | |
| 1619227235 | meth- | (organics) one carbon | 69 | |
| 1619227236 | eth- | (organics) two carbons | 70 | |
| 1619227237 | prop- | (organics) three carbons | 71 | |
| 1619227238 | but- | (organics) four carbons | 72 | |
| 1619227239 | pent- | (organics) five carbons | 73 | |
| 1619227240 | hex- | (organics) six carbons | 74 | |
| 1619227241 | hept- | (organics) seven carbons | 75 | |
| 1619227242 | oct- | (organics) eight carbons | 76 | |
| 1619227243 | non- | (organics) nine carbons | 77 | |
| 1619227244 | dec- | (organics) ten carbons | 78 | |
| 1619227245 | rate law | this MUST be determined experimentally | 79 | |
| 1619227246 | zero | [A] vs. time is a ...-order reaction | 80 | |
| 1619227247 | first | ln[A] vs. time is a ...-order reaction | 81 | |
| 1619227248 | second | 1/[A] vs. time is a ...-order reaction | 82 | |
| 1619227249 | third | AP doesn't deal with ...-order reaction, don't pick it! | 83 | |
| 1619227250 | activated complex (transition state) | peak of energy diagram | 84 | |
| 1619227251 | Arrhenius equation | to find activation energy use the... | 85 | |
| 1619227252 | k=Ae^(-Ea/RT) | Arrhenius equation | 86 | |
| 1619227253 | ln (k1/k2) = (Ea/R)(1/T2-1/T1) | equation to find Ea from reaction rate constants at two different temperatures | 87 | |
| 1619227254 | hydrocarbons | carbon & hydrogen compounds | 88 | |
| 1619227255 | carbohydrates | carbon, hydrogen, oxygen compounds | 89 | |
| 1619227256 | alkane | (organics) single-bonded compound | 90 | |
| 1619227257 | alkene | (organics) double-bonded compound | 91 | |
| 1619227258 | alkyne | (organics) triple-bonded compound | 92 | |
| 1619227259 | alcohol | organic w/ -OH group | 93 | |
| 1619227260 | ether | organic w/ -O- | 94 | |
| 1619227261 | amine | organic w/ -NH2 | 95 | |
| 1619227262 | -anol | ending for alcohols | 96 | |
| 1619227263 | geometric isomers | two molecules with identical connectivity but different geometries | 97 | |
| 1619227264 | condensation | organic reaction in which two functional groups come together, resulting in the release of water | 98 | |
| 1619227265 | hydrolysis | organic reaction in which water breaks apart a molecule (splitting into two hydroxides) | 99 | |
| 1619227266 | Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+ | all cations are soluble with bromide, chloride and iodide EXCEPT | 100 | |
| 1619227267 | Ag+, Pb2+, Hg2+, Sr2+, Ca2+, Ba2+ | all cations are soluble with sulfate EXCEPT | 101 | |
| 1619227268 | insoluble | hydroxides are soluble or insoluble? | 102 | |
| 1619227269 | phosphate, sulfide, carbonate, sulfate | generally insoluble anions (names) | 103 | |
| 1619227270 | allotrope | different form of same element | 104 | |
| 1619227271 | red | color of Li (flame test) | 105 | |
| 1619227272 | red/orange | color of Ca (flame test) | 106 | |
| 1619227273 | red | color of Sr (flame test) | 107 | |
| 1619227274 | yellow | color of Na (flame test) | 108 | |
| 1619227275 | green/yellow | color of Ba (flame test) | 109 | |
| 1619227276 | blue | color of Cs (flame test) | 110 | |
| 1619227277 | purple | color of K (flame test) | 111 | |
| 1619227278 | -anoic acid | carboxylic acid ending | 112 | |
| 1619227279 | Amino- | amine prefix | 113 | |
| 1619227280 | -anal | aldehyde suffix | 114 | |
| 1619227281 | -anone | ketone suffix | 115 | |
| 1619227282 | methoxy- | ether prefix | 116 | |
| 1619227283 | -anoate | ester suffix | 117 | |
| 1619227284 | base and hydrogen gas | pure metal or metal hydride + H20 -> | 118 | |
| 1619227285 | base | metal oxide + H20 -> | 119 | |
| 1619227286 | acid | nonmetal oxide + H2O -> | 120 | |
| 1619227287 | oxide gas and water | oxoacid solution (such as HSO4-) forms... | 121 | |
| 1619227288 | complex ions | transition metals with ammonia, hydroxide, cyanide or thiocyanate form... | 122 | |
| 1619227289 | 0 | ∆Hº of pure elements= | 123 | |
| 1619227290 | diamagnetic | elements which have all electrons paired and relatively unaffected by magnetic fields | 124 | |
| 1619227291 | paramagnetic | elements which have unpaired electrons and highly affected by magnetic fields | 125 |
