SOSCHEM
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| 9627396816 | Accuracy | the agreement of a particular value with a true value | 0 | |
| 9627396817 | Acid | a substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution; a proton donor | 1 | |
| 9627396818 | Acid-base indicator | a substance that marks the end point of an acid-base titration by changing color | 2 | |
| 9627396819 | Acid rain | a result of air pollution by sulfur dioxide | 3 | |
| 9627396820 | Acidic oxide | a covalent oxide that dissolves in water to give an acidic solution | 4 | |
| 9627396821 | Actinide series | a group of 14 elements following actinium in the periodic table, in which the 5f orbitals are being filled | 5 | |
| 9627396822 | Activated complex (transition state) | the arrangement of atoms found at the tope of the potential energy barrier as a reaction proceeds from reactants to products | 6 | |
| 9627396823 | Activation energy | the threshold energy that must be overcome to produce a chemical reaction | 7 | |
| 9627396824 | Addition polymerization | a type of polymerization in which the monomers simply add together to form the polymer, with no other products | 8 | |
| 9627396825 | Addition reaction | a reaction in which atoms add to a carbon-carbon multiple bond | 9 | |
| 9627396826 | Adsorption | the collection of one substance on the surface of another | 10 | |
| 9627396827 | Air pollution | contamination of the atmosphere, mainly by the gaseous products of transportation and production of electricity | 11 | |
| 9627396828 | Alcohol | an organic compound in which the hydroxyl group is a substituent on a hydrocarbon | 12 | |
| 9627396829 | Aldehyde | an organic compound containing the carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom | 13 | |
| 9627396830 | Alkali metal | a Group 1A metal | 14 | |
| 9627396831 | Alkaline earth metal | a Group 2A metal | 15 | |
| 9627396832 | Alkane | a saturated hydrocarbon with the general formula C(n)H(2n+2) | 16 | |
| 9627396833 | Acid dissociation constant (Ka) | the equilibrium constant for a reaction in which a proton is removed from an acid by H2O to form the conjugate base and H3O+ | 17 | |
| 9627396834 | Alkene | an unsaturated hydrocarbon containing a carbon-carbon double bond. The general formula is C(n)H(2n) | 18 | |
| 9627396835 | Alkyne | an unsaturated hydrocarbon containinga triple carbon-carbon bond. The general formula is C(n)H(2n-2) | 19 | |
| 9627396836 | Alloy | a substance that contains a mixture of elements and has metallic properties | 20 | |
| 9627396837 | Alloy steel | a form of steel containing carbon plus other metals such as chromium, cobalt, manganese, and molybdenum | 21 | |
| 9627396838 | Alpha (α) particle | a helium nucleus | 22 | |
| 9627396839 | Alpha-particle production | a common mode of decay for radio-active nuclides in which the mass number changes | 23 | |
| 9627396840 | Amine | an organic base derived from ammonia in which one or more of the hydrogen atoms are replaced by organic groups | 24 | |
| 9627396841 | α-Amino acid | an organic acid in which an amino group and an R group are attached to the carbon atom next to the carboxyl group | 25 | |
| 9627396842 | Amorphous solid | a solid with considerable disorder in its structure | 26 | |
| 9627396843 | Ampere | the unit of electric current equal to one coulomb of charge per second | 27 | |
| 9627396844 | Amphoteric substance | a substance that can behave either as an acid or as a base | 28 | |
| 9627396845 | Angular momentum quantum number (ℓ) | the quantumnumber relating to the shape of an atomicorbital, which can assume any integral value from 0 to 'n-1' for each value of 'n' | 29 | |
| 9627396846 | Anion | a negative ion | 30 | |
| 9627396847 | Anode | the electrode in a galvanic cell at which oxidation occurs | 31 | |
| 9627396848 | Antibonding molecular orbital | an orbiting higher in energy than the atomic orbitals of which it is composed | 32 | |
| 9627396849 | Aqueous solution | a solution in which water is the dissolving medium or solvent | 33 | |
| 9627396850 | Aromatic hydrocarbon | one of a special class of cyclic unsaturated hydrocarbons, the simplest of which is benzene | 34 | |
| 9627396851 | Arrhenius concept | a concept postulating that acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous solution, while bases produce hydroxide ions | 35 | |
| 9627396852 | Arrhenius equation | the equation representing the rate constant as k = Ae^[-(E[a])/(RT)], where A represents the product of the collision frequency and the steric factor, and e^[-(E[a])/(RT)] is the fraction of collisions with sufficient energy to product a reaction | 36 | |
| 9627396853 | Atmosphere | the mixture of gases that surrounds the earth's surfaces | 37 | |
| 9627396854 | Atomic number | the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom | 38 | |
| 9627396855 | Atomic radius | half the distance between thenuclei in a molecule consisting of identical atoms | 39 | |
| 9627396856 | Atomic solid | a solid that contains atoms at the lattice points | 40 | |
| 9627396857 | Atomic weight | the weighted average mass of the atoms in a naturally occuring element | 41 | |
| 9627396858 | Aufbau principle | the principle stating that as protons are added one by one to the nucleus to build up the elements, electrons are similarly added to hydrogen-like orbitals | 42 | |
| 9627396859 | Autoionization | the transfer of a proton from one molecule to another of the same substance | 43 | |
| 9627396860 | Avogadro's law | equal volumes of gases at the same temperature and pressure contain the same number of particles | 44 | |
| 9627396861 | Avogadro's number | the number of atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure ^(12)C, equal to 6.022 x 10^(23) | 45 | |
| 9627396862 | Ball-and-stick model | a molecular model that distorts the sizes of atoms but shows bond relationships clearly | 46 | |
| 9627396863 | Band model | a molecular model for metals in which the electrons are assumed to travel around the metal crystal in molecular orbitals formed from the valence atomic orbitals of the metal atoms | 47 | |
| 9627396864 | Barometer | a device for measuring atmospheric pressure | 48 | |
| 9627396865 | Base | a substance that produces hydroxide ions in aqueous solution, a proton acceptor | 49 | |
| 9627396866 | Basic oxide | an ionic oxide that dissolves in water to produce a basic solution | 50 | |
| 9627396867 | Basic oxygen process | a process for producing steel by oxidizing and removing the impurities in iron using a high-pressure blast of oxygen | 51 | |
| 9627396868 | Battery | a group of galvanic cells connected in series | 52 | |
| 9627396869 | Beta (β) particle | an electron produced in radioactivedecay | 53 | |
| 9627396870 | Beta-particle production | a decay process for radioactive nuclides in which the mass number remains constant and the atomic number changes. The net effect is to change a neutron to a proton | 54 | |
| 9627396871 | Bidentate ligand | a ligand that can form two bonds to a metal ion | 55 | |
| 9627396872 | Bimolecular step | a reaction involving the collision of two molecules | 56 | |
| 9627396873 | Binary compound | a two-element compound | 57 | |
| 9627396874 | Binding energy (nuclear) | the energy required to decompose a nucleus into its component nucleus | 58 | |
| 9627396875 | Biomolecule | a molecule responsible for maintaining and/or reproducing life | 59 | |
| 9627396876 | Bond energy | the energy required to break a given chemical bond | 60 | |
| 9627396877 | Bond length | the distance between the nuclei of the two atoms connected by a bond; the distance where the total energy of a diatomic molecule is minimal | 61 | |
| 9627396878 | Bond order | the difference between the number of bonding electrons and the number of antibonding electrons, divided by two. It is an index of bond strength | 62 | |
| 9627396879 | Bonding molecular orbital | an orbital lower in energy than the atomic orbitals or which it is composed | 63 | |
| 9627396880 | Bonding pair | an electron pair found in the space between two atoms | 64 | |
| 9627396881 | Borane | a covalent hydride of boron | 65 | |
| 9627396882 | Boyle's law | the volume of a given sample of gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure | 66 | |
| 9627396883 | Brønsted-Lowry model | a model proposing that an acid is a proton donor, and a base is a proton acceptor | 67 | |
| 9627396884 | Buffered solution | a solution that resists a changein its pH when either hydroxide ions or protons are added | 68 | |
| 9627396885 | Buffering capacity | the ability of a buffered solution to absorb protons or hydroxide ions without a significant change in pH; determined by the magnitudes of [HA] and [A-] in the solution | 69 | |
| 9627396886 | Calorimetry | the science of measuring heat flow | 70 | |
| 9627396887 | Capillary action | the spontaneous rising of a liquid in a narrow tube | 71 | |
| 9627396888 | Carbohydrate | a polyhydroxyl ketone or polyhydroxyl aldehyde or a polymer composed of these | 72 | |
| 9627396889 | Carbon steel | an alloy of iron containing up to about 1.5% carbon | 73 | |
| 9627396890 | Carboxyl group | the -COOH group in an organic acid | 74 | |
| 9627396891 | Carboxylic acid | an organic compound containing the carboxyl group; an acid with the general formula RCOOH | 75 | |
| 9627396892 | Catalyst | a substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed | 76 | |
| 9627396893 | Cathode | the electrode in a galvanic cell at which reduction occurs | 77 | |
| 9627396894 | Cathode rays | the "rays" emanating from the negative electrode (cathode) in a partially evacuated tube; a stream of electrons | 78 | |
| 9627396895 | Cation | a positive ion | 79 | |
| 9627396896 | Cell potential (electromotive force) | the driving force in a galvanic cell that pulls electrons from the reducing agent in one compartment to the oxidizing agent in the other | 80 | |
| 9627396897 | Chain reaction (nuclear) | a self-sustaining fission process caused by the production or neutrons that proceed to split other nuclei | 81 | |
| 9627396898 | Charles' law | the volume of a given sample of gas at constant pressure is directly proportional to the temperature in kelvins | 82 | |
| 9627396899 | Chelating ligand (chelate) | a ligand having more than one atom with a long pair that can be used to bond to a metal ion | 83 | |
| 9627396900 | Chemical bond | the force or, more accurately, the energy, that holds two atoms together in a compound | 84 | |
| 9627396901 | Chemical change | the change of substances into other substances through a reorginzation of the atoms; a chemical reaction | 85 | |
| 9627396902 | Chemical equation | a representation of a chemical reaction showing the relative numbers of reactant and product molecules | 86 | |
| 9627396903 | Chemical equilibrium | a dynamic reaction system in which the concentrations of all reactants and products remain constant as a function of time | 87 | |
| 9627396904 | Chemical formula | the representation of a molecule in which the symbols for the elements areused to indicate the types of atoms present and subscripts are used to show the relative numbers of atoms | 88 | |
| 9627396905 | Chemical kinetics | the area of chemistry that concerns reaction rates | 89 | |
| 9627396906 | Chemical stoichiometry | the calculation of the quantities of material consumed and produced in chemical reactions | 90 | |
| 9627396907 | Chromatography | the general name for a series of methods for separating mixtures by employing a system with a mobile phase and a stationary phase | 91 | |
| 9627396908 | colligative properties | properties of solution that depend only on the number, and not on the identity, of the solute particles | 92 | |
| 9627396909 | collision model | model based on idea that molecules must collide to react; used to account for the observed characteristics of reaction rates | 93 | |
| 9627396910 | coagulation | destruction of colloid by causing particles to aggregate and settle out | 94 | |
| 9627396911 | combustion reaction | vigorous and exothermic reaction that takes place between certain substances, particularly organic compounds, and oxygen | 95 | |
| 9627396912 | common ion effect | shift in equilibrium position caused by addition or presence of ion involved in equilibrium reaction | 96 | |
| 9627396913 | complete ionic equation | equation that shows all substances that are strong electrolytes as ions | 97 | |
| 9627396914 | complex ion | charged species consisting of metal ion surrounded by ligands | 98 | |
| 9627396915 | compound | substance with constant composition that can be broken down into elements by chemical processes | 99 | |
| 9627396916 | concentration cell | galvanic cell in which both compartments contain the same components, but at different concentrations | 100 | |
| 9627396917 | condensation | process by which vapor molecules reform a liquid | 101 | |
| 9627396918 | condensation polymerization | type of polymerization in which the formation of a small molecule, such as water, accompanies the extension of the polymer chain | 102 | |
| 9627396919 | condensation reaction | reaction in which two molecules are joined, accompanied by the elimination of a water molecule | 103 | |
| 9627396920 | condensed states of matter | liquids and solids | 104 | |
| 9627396921 | conjugate acid | species formed when proton is added to base | 105 | |
| 9627396922 | conjugate acid-base pair | two species related to each other by the donating and accepting of a single proton | 106 | |
| 9627396923 | conjugate base | what remains of an acid molecule after a proton is lost | 107 | |
| 9627396924 | continuous spectrum | spectrum that exhibits all the wavelengths of visible light | 108 | |
| 9627396925 | control rods | rods in nuclear reactor composed of substances that absorb neutrons. these rods regulate the power level of the reactor | 109 | |
| 9627396926 | coordinate covalent bond | metal-ligand bond resulting from the interaction of a lewis base (ligand) and a lewis acid (metal ion) | 110 | |
| 9627396927 | coordination compound | compound composed of complex ion and counter ions sufficient to give no net charge | 111 | |
| 9627396928 | coordination isomerism | isomerism in coordination compound in which the composition of the coordination sphere of a metal ion varies | 112 | |
| 9627396929 | coordination number | number of bonds formed between the metal ion and the ligands in a complex ion | 113 | |
| 9627396930 | core electron | inner electron in an atom | 114 | |
| 9627396931 | corrosion | process by which metals are oxidized in the atmosphere | 115 | |
| 9627396932 | Coulomb's Law | E= 2.31 x 10^-19 (Q1Q2/r), where E is the energy of interaction between a pair of ions, expressed in joules; r is the distance between the ion centers in nm; and Q1 and Q2 are the numerical ion charges | 116 | |
| 9627396933 | counterions | anions or cations that balance the charge on the complex ion in a coordination compound | 117 | |
| 9627396934 | covalent bonding | type of bonding in which electrons are shared by atoms | 118 | |
| 9627396935 | critical mass | mass of fissionable material required to produce a self-sustaining chain reaction | 119 | |
| 9627396936 | critical point | point on a phase diagram at which the temperature and pressure have their critical values; the end point of the liquid-vapor line | 120 | |
| 9627396937 | critical temperature | temperature above which vapor cannot be liquefied no matter what pressure is applied | 121 | |
| 9627396938 | crystalline solid | solid with a regular arrangement of its components | 122 | |
| 9627396939 | Dalton's law of partial pressures | for a mixture of gases in a container, the total pressure exerted is the sum of the pressures that each gas would exert if it were alone | 123 | |
| 9627396940 | degenerate orbitals | group of orbitals with the same energy | 124 | |
| 9627396941 | density | property of matter representing the mass per unit volume | 125 | |
| 9627396942 | deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) | huge nucleotide polymer having a double-helical structure with complementary bases on the two strands. its major functions are protein synthesis and the storage and transport of genetic information | 126 | |
| 9627396943 | desalination | removal of dissolved salts from an aqueous solution | 127 | |
| 9627396944 | dialysis | phenomenon in which a semipermeable membrane allows transfer of both solvent molecules and small solute molecules and ions | 128 | |
| 9627396945 | diamagnetism | type of magnetism, associated with paired electrons, that causes a substance to be repelled from the inducing magnetic field | 129 | |
| 9627396946 | differential rate law | expression that gives the rate of a reaction as a function of concentrations; often called rate law | 130 | |
| 9627396947 | diffusion | mixing of gases | 131 | |
| 9627396948 | dilution | process of adding solvent to lower the concentration of solute in a solution | 132 | |
| 9627396949 | dimer | molecule formed by the joining of two identical monomers | 133 | |
| 9627396950 | dipole-dipole attraction | attractive force resulting when polar molecules line up so that the positive and negative ends are close to each other | 134 | |
| 9627396951 | dipole moment | property of a molecule whose charge distribution can be represented by a center of positive charge and a center of negative charge | 135 | |
| 9627396952 | distillation | method for separating the components of a liquid mixture that depends on differences in the ease of vaporization of the components | 136 | |
| 9627396953 | double bond | bond in which two pairs of electrons are shared by two atoms | 137 | |
| 9627396954 | dry cell battery | common battery used in calculators, watches, radios, and tape players | 138 | |
| 9627396955 | effusion | passage of a gas through a tiny orifice into an evacuated chamber | 139 | |
| 9627396956 | electrical conductivity | ability to conduct an electric current | 140 | |
| 9627396957 | electrochemistry | study of the interchange of chemical and electrical energy | 141 | |
| 9627396958 | electrolysis | process that involves forcing a current through a cell to cause a nonspontaneous chemical reaction to occur | 142 | |
| 9627396959 | electrolyte | material that dissolves in water to give a solution that conducts an electric current | 143 | |
| 9627396960 | electrolytic cell | cell that uses electrical energy to produce a chemical change that would otherwise not occur spontaneously | 144 | |
| 9627396961 | electromagnetic radiation | radiant energy that exhibits wavelike behavior and travels through space at the speed of light in a vacuum | 145 | |
| 9627396962 | electron | a negatively charged particle that moves around the nucleus of an atom | 146 | |
| 9627396963 | electron affinity | the energy change associated with the addition of an electron to a gaseous atom | 147 | |
| 9627396964 | electron spin quantum number | a quantum number representing one of the two possible values for the electron spin; either +(1/2) or -(1/2) | 148 | |
| 9627396965 | electronegativitiy | the tendency of an atom in a molecule to attract shared electrons to itself | 149 | |
| 9627396966 | element | a substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical or physical means | 150 | |
| 9627396967 | electron capture | a process in which one of the inner-orbital electrons in an atom is captured by the nucleus | 151 | |
| 9627396968 | elementary step | a reaction whose rate law can be written from its molecularity | 152 | |
| 9627396969 | empirical formula | simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound | 153 | |
| 9627396970 | endpoint | point in a titration at which the indicator changes color | 154 | |
| 9627396971 | endothermic | refers to a reaction where energy (as heat) flows into the system | 155 | |
| 9627396972 | energy | the capacity to do work or to cause heat flow | 156 | |
| 9627396973 | enthalpy | property of a system equal to E+PV, where E is the internal energy of the system, P is the pressure of the system, and V is the volume of the system | 157 | |
| 9627396974 | enthalpy (heat) of fusion | the enthalpy change that occurs to melt a solid at its melting point | 158 | |
| 9627396975 | entropy | a thermodynamic function that measures randomness or disorder | 159 | |
| 9627396976 | enzyme | a large molecule, usually a protein, that catalyzes biological reactions | 160 | |
| 9627396977 | equilibrium constant | value obtained when equilibrium concentrations of the chemical species are substituted in the equilibrium expression | 161 | |
| 9627396978 | equilibrium expression | the expression obtained by multiplying the product concentrations and dividing by the multiplied reactant concentrations, with each concentration raised to a power represented by the coefficient in the balanced equation | 162 | |
| 9627396979 | equilibrium point | position where the free energy of a reaction system has its lowest possible value | 163 | |
| 9627396980 | equilibrium position | particular set of equilibrium concentrations | 164 | |
| 9627396981 | equivalence point (stoichiometric point) | point in a titration when enough titrant has been added to react exactly with the substance in solution being titrated | 165 | |
| 9627396982 | ester | an organic compound produced by the reaction between a carboxylic acid and an alcohol | 166 | |
| 9627396983 | exothermic | reaction where energy (as heat) flows out of the system | 167 | |
| 9627396984 | faraday | constant representing the charge on one mole of electrons; 96,485 coulombs | 168 | |
| 9627396985 | filtration | method for separating the components of a mixture containing a solid and a liquid | 169 | |
| 9627396986 | first law of thermodynamics | energy of the universe is constant | 170 | |
| 9627396987 | fission | process of using a neuron to split a heavy nucleus into two nuclei with smaller mass numbers | 171 | |
| 9627396988 | fossil fuel | coal, petroleum, or natural gas; consists of carbon-based molecules derived from decomposition of once-living organisms | 172 | |
| 9627396989 | free energy | thermodynamic function equal to the enthalpy (H) minus the product of the entropy (S) and the Kelvin temperature (T); G=H-TS | 173 | |
| 9627396990 | frequency | number of waves (cycles) per second that pass a given point in space | 174 | |
| 9627396991 | fuel cell | galvanic cell for which the reactants are continuously supplied | 175 | |
| 9627396992 | functional group | atom or group of atoms in hydrocarbon derivatives that contains elements in addition to carbon and hydrogen | 176 | |
| 9627396993 | fusion | process of combining two light nuclei to form a heavier, more stable nucleus | 177 | |
| 9627396994 | galvanic cell | device in which chemical energy from a spontaneous redox reaction is changed to electrical energy that can be used to do work | 178 | |
| 9627396995 | galvanizing | process in which steel is coated with zinc to prevent corrosion | 179 | |
| 9627396996 | gamma (γ) ray | high-energy photon | 180 | |
| 9627396997 | geometrical (cis-trans) isomerism | isomerism in which atoms or groups of atoms can assume different positions around a rigid ring or bond | 181 | |
| 9627396998 | glass electrode | electrode for measuring pH from the potential difference that develops when it is dipped into an aqueous solution containing H+ ions | 182 | |
| 9627396999 | Graham's law of effusion | rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of the mass of its particles | 183 | |
| 9627397000 | ground state | lowest possible energy state of an atom or molecule | 184 | |
| 9627397001 | group (of the periodic table) | vertical column of elements having the same valence electron configuration and showing similar properties | 185 | |
| 9627397002 | half-life (of a reactant) | time required for a reactant to reach half of its original concentration | 186 | |
| 9627397003 | half-life (of a radioactive sample) | time required for the number of nuclides in a radioactive sample to reach half of the original value | 187 | |
| 9627397004 | half-reactions | two parts of an oxidation-reduction reaction, one representing oxidation, the other reduction | 188 | |
| 9627397005 | halogen | Group 7A element | 189 | |
| 9627397006 | heat | energy transferred between two objects due to a temperature difference between them | 190 | |
| 9627397007 | heat capacity | amount of energy required to raise the temperature of an object by one degree Celsius | 191 | |
| 9627397008 | heat of fusion | enthalpy change that occurs to melt a solid at its melting point | 192 | |
| 9627397009 | heat of vaporization | energy required to vaporize one mole of a liquid at a pressure of one atmosphere | 193 | |
| 9627397010 | heating curve | plot of temperature vs. time for a substance where energy is added at a constant rate | 194 | |
| 9627397011 | heisenberg uncertainty principle | a principal stating that there is a fundamental limitation to how precisely both the position and momentum of a particle can be known at a given time | 195 | |
| 9627397012 | henry's law | amount of a gas dissolved in a solution is directly proportional to the pressure of the gas above the solution | 196 | |
| 9627397013 | hess's law | in going from a particular set of reactants to a particular set of products, the enthalpy change is the same whether the reaction takes place in one step or in a series of steps | 197 | |
| 9627397014 | heterogeneous equilibrium | equilibrium involving reactants and/or products in more than one phase | 198 | |
| 9627397015 | homogeneous equilibrium | equilibrium system where all reactants and products are in the same phase | 199 | |
| 9627397016 | hund's rule | lowest energy configuration for an atom is the one having the maximum number of unpaired electrons allowed by the Pauli exclusion principle in a particular set of degenerate orbitals, with all unpaired electrons having parallel spins | 200 | |
| 9627397017 | hybrid orbitals | set of atomic orbitals adopted by an atom in a molecule different from those of the atom in the free state | 201 | |
| 9627397018 | hybridization | mixing of the native orbitals on a given atom to form special atomic orbitals for bonding | 202 | |
| 9627397019 | hydration | interaction between solute particles and water molecules | 203 | |
| 9627397020 | hydride | binary compound containing hydrogen | 204 | |
| 9627397021 | hydrocarbon | compound composed of carbon and hydrogen | 205 | |
| 9627397022 | hydrogen bonding | unusually strong dipole-dipole attractions that occur among molecules in which hydrogen is bonded to a highly electronegative atom | 206 | |
| 9627397023 | hydronium ion | the H3O+ ion; a hydrated proton | 207 | |
| 9627397024 | hypothesis | one or more assumptions put forth to explain the observed behavior of nature | 208 | |
| 9627397025 | ideal gas law | equation of state for a gas, where the state of the gas is its condition at a given time; expressed by PV=nRT, where P is pressure, V is volume, n is moles of the gas, R is the universal gas constant, and T is absolute temperature | 209 | |
| 9627397026 | ideal solution | solution whose vapor pressure is directly proportional to the mole fraction of solvent present | 210 | |
| 9627397027 | indicator | chemical that changes color and is used to mark the end point of a titration | 211 | |
| 9627397028 | integrated rate law | expression that shows concentration of reactant as function of time | 212 | |
| 9627397029 | intermediate | species that is neither a reactant nor a product but that is formed and consumed in the reaction sequence | 213 | |
| 9627397030 | intermolecular forces | relatively weak interactions that occur between molecules | 214 | |
| 9627397031 | internal energy | property of system that can be changed by a flow of work, heat, or both; ΔE= q+w, where ΔE is the change in the internal energy of the system, q is heat, and w is work | 215 | |
| 9627397032 | ion | atom or group of atoms that has a net positive or negative charge | 216 | |
| 9627397033 | ion- product (dissociation) constant (Kw) | equilibrium constant for the auto-ionization of water; Kw= [H+][OH-]. at 25°C, Kw equals 1.0x10^-14 | 217 | |
| 9627397034 | ionic bonding | electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions | 218 | |
| 9627397035 | ionic compound (binary) | compound that results when a metal reacts with a nonmetal to form a cation and an anion | 219 | |
| 9627397036 | ionic solid (salt) | solid containing cations and anions that dissolves in water to give a solution containing the separated ions which are mobile and thus free to conduct electrical current | 220 | |
| 9627397037 | isoelectronic ions | ions containing the same number of electrons | 221 | |
| 9627397038 | isomers | species with the same formula but different properties | 222 | |
| 9627397039 | isotopes | atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons | 223 | |
| 9627397040 | ketone | organic compound containing the carboxyl group bonded to two carbon atoms | 224 | |
| 9627397041 | kinetic energy | (1/2mv^2) energy due to the motion of an object; dependent on the mass of the object and the square of its velocity | 225 | |
| 9627397042 | kinetic molecular theory (KMT) | model that assumes that an ideal gas is composed of tiny particles (molecules) in constant motion | 226 | |
| 9627397043 | lanthanide series | group of 14 elements following lanthium in the periodic table in which the 4f orbitals are being filled | 227 | |
| 9627397044 | lattice | 3D system of points designating the positions of the centers of the components of a solid | 228 | |
| 9627397045 | lattice energy | energy change occuring when separated gaseous ions are packed together to form ionic solid | 229 | |
| 9627397046 | law of conservation of energy | energy can be converted from one form to another but can be neither created nor destroyed | 230 | |
| 9627397047 | law of conservation of mass | mass is neither created nor destroyed | 231 | |
| 9627397048 | law of definite proportion | given compound always contains exactly the same proportion of elements by mass | 232 | |
| 9627397049 | law of mass action | general description of the equilibrium condition | 233 | |
| 9627397050 | law of multiple proportions | when two elements form a series of compounds, the ratios of the masses of the second element that combine with one gram of the first element can always be reduced to small whole numbers | 234 | |
| 9627397051 | le chatelier's principle | if a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium, the position of the equilibrium will shift in a direction that tends to reduce the effect of that change | 235 | |
| 9627397052 | lewis acid | electron pair acceptor | 236 | |
| 9627397053 | lewis base | electron pair donor | 237 | |
| 9627397054 | lewis structure | diagram of a molecule showing how the valence electrons are arranged among the atoms in the molecule | 238 | |
| 9627397055 | ligand | neutral molecule or ion having a lone pair of electrons that can be used to form a bond to a metal ion; a lewis base | 239 | |
| 9627397056 | limiting reactant (limiting reagent) | reactant that is completely consumed when a reaction is run to completion | 240 | |
| 9627397057 | line spectrum | spectrum showing only certain discrete wavelengths | 241 | |
| 9627397058 | localized electron (LE) model | model which assumes that a molecule is composed of atoms that are bound together by sharing pairs of electrons using the atomic orbitals of the bound atoms | 242 | |
| 9627397059 | london dispersion forces | forces, existing among noble gas atoms and nonpolar molecules, that involve an accidental dipole that induces a momentary dipole in a neighbor | 243 | |
| 9627397060 | lone pair | an electron pair that is localized on a given atom; an electron pair not involved in bonding | 244 |
