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| 9856193403 | empirical | factual, observable, testable | 0 | |
| 9856193404 | normative | subjective, value-laden, and open to debate. | 1 | |
| 9856193405 | regime | The system and the rules and laws in place in a particular territory at a particular time. | 2 | |
| 9856193410 | legitimacy | the generally held belief, within a society, that a government has the right to rule or exercise power. | 3 | |
| 9856193411 | sources of legitimacy | 1. Charisma of a leader 2. Belief systems, ideologies, and founding myths 3. Tradition (including monarchy and birthright) 4. Revolutions 5. Religion 6. Constitutions 7. Rule of law and/or rational legal authority 8. Competitive elections 9. Distinct aspects of a country's political culture | 4 | |
| 9856193412 | nation | a large group of people, with ties to a particular piece of land or area, who share a unified identity based in a shared culture, history, and language. Normally, the term nation is only used when such groups have or desire a state of their own. | 5 | |
| 9856193413 | state | The territory (or one of the territories) under the control of a government. includes the idea that control is exercised by some degree of force. may consist of only a single nation, but most rule over two or more nations. | 6 | |
| 9856193414 | nation-state | A nation which has its own government. | 7 | |
| 9856193416 | civil society | _____ is made up of the voluntary organizations that form the basis of a functioning society. Social organizations, religious organizations, charities, civic groups, and other voluntary organizations are part of _______. _______ does not include the structures of the state, which are backed up by force, nor does it include the economic structures of society that form the market. The success of a _______ rests on social norms that lead to cooperation within and among groups, such as belief in the rule of law, respect for others, and honest and reliable performance of duties. Such social norms are the social capital of a society. If a society has few widely respected social norms of this type, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to establish a well-functioning ________. Well-functioning ___________s are often seen as necessary to establish a well-functioning liberal democracy. | 8 | |
| 9856193417 | sovereignty | independent legal authority over a particular territory, and the legitimate power to rule and make laws for that territory. | 9 | |
| 9856193418 | cleavage | division in a society that causes people within that society to support different sides of an issue, support a particular political party, or vote differently. | 10 | |
| 9856193419 | sources of cleavages | 1. Wealth (Rich vs. Poor) 2. Region (Urban vs. Rural, Center vs. Periphery) 3. Religion (Catholics vs. Protestants, Christians vs. Muslims, Religious vs. Secular voters) 4. Level of education (University graduates vs. High school graduates) 5. Race 6. Ethnicity | 11 | |
| 9856193420 | coinciding (cumulative) Cleavages | membership in a particular segment of society correlates with membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group tends to correlate with membership in a particular social class. | 12 | |
| 9856193421 | cross-cutting Cleavages | membership in one segment of society does not correlate with membership in another segment of society. For example, membership in a particular ethnic group does not tend to correlate with membership in a particular social class. | 13 | |
| 9856193424 | political culture | the way a nation or other group of people approaches issues of government and politics. A strong consensual political culture, for example, can help develop and maintain a similar political orientation across a wide political spectrum. | 14 | |
| 9856193425 | Political socialization | the process by which people get their ideas about politics (political orientation), and about government as well. Occurs through interactions between people and agents of political socialization, and includes the passing down of political ideas from one generation to the next. | 15 | |
| 9856193426 | agents of political socialization | __________ vary from society to society, but always include some of the following: 1. Family 2. Religion 3. Race or Ethnicity 4. Economic or Social Class 5. Gender 6. School 7. Peers 8. Media 9. Government 10. Political Parties 11. Interest Groups 12. Work 13. Trade Unions | 16 | |
| 9856193428 | examples of political participation | a. Coup d'etats, revolutions, resistance movements, and political violence b. Protests, demonstrations, rallies, boycotts and strikes c. Civil disobedience d. Petitioning government (including town hall meetings, letters, emails, phone calls, etc.) e. Forming interest groups, joining social movements, non-governmental organizations (NGO), citizens' policy meetings, etc. f. Joining political parties g. Standing for political office | 17 | |
| 9856193433 | socialism | advocates a political system in which the means of production and distribution are held in common, usually by the state. |  | 18 |
| 9856193434 | liberalism | advocates a political system in which the individual is autonomous, civil liberties are respected, and rapid progress is encouraged. | | 19 |
| 9856193435 | conservatism | advocates a political system in which traditional institutions are respected and maintained, while allowing for slow and minimal change. | | 20 |
| 9856193436 | fascism | advocates a political system in which the nation or a race is seen as most important, not the individual or even the people as a collective. | | 21 |
| 9856193438 | substantive democracy | competitive elections are held and the results are likely representative of the political views of the population. Peaceful transitions from one government to the next are also an important aspect | 22 | |
| 9856193439 | procedural democracy | elections are held, and the institutions and processes of elected government appear to be in place, but for any number of possible reasons, including electoral fraud and excessive vetting of candidates prior to the election, the results of those elections may not be reflective of the political views of the population. | 23 | |
| 9856193440 | liberal democracy | free, fair and competitive elections are held, and political liberties such as free speech and press are respected. Traits include: 1 Free, fair, and competitive elections 2 Large scale disenfranchisement is not a.problem 3 Civil liberties and/or human rights are protected 4 Strong independent judiciaries 5 Large, strong civil societies | 24 | |
| 9856193441 | illiberal democracy | elections are not free, fair, or competitive, and/or political liberties such as free speech and press are not respected. 1 Elections without protections of civil liberties and/or human rights 2 A lack of independent judiciaries 3 Small or weak civil societies 4 Large-scale disenfranchisement, often along racial or ethnic cleavages | 25 | |
| 9856193442 | democratization | movements in a society toward free, fair, and competitive elections of policy makers that reflect the collective will of the society. These movements need not result in a true substantive, liberal democracy present when a system transforms in a way that moves it from being an illiberal democracy to more of a liberal democracy. fully achieved when a country's system meets all the requirements of both a substantive democracy and a liberal democracy. | 26 | |
| 9856193444 | unitary system | all power ultimately rests in the hands of the central government. Any power exercised by sub-national governments (e.g., state, provincial, or city governments) exists because it was granted by the central government. | 27 | |
| 9856193445 | federal system | some power that does not ultimately rest in the hands of the central government and such power may not be taken away by the central government through normal law making procedures. the power of the sub-national governments is guaranteed in the constitution and only by amending that document can the powers of the sub-national governments be altered or taken away. | 28 | |
| 9856193446 | parliamentary systems | the ministers of Government who hold executive power are chosen from within the legislature and are accountable to it. There is no clear separation of executive and legislative functions in such a system. The head of government - often called the prime minister, premier, chancellor, or some other similar term - is a member of the legislature as well, and is usually the head of the majority party in the legislature | 29 | |
| 9856193447 | votes of confidence | sometimes called "no confidence" votes, are the means of removing the prime minister and the cabinet from power. In essence, a majority vote of "no confidence" removes the current government from power and sets in motion the procedures to put another government in place. | 30 | |
| 9856193448 | presidential systems | the executive power is held in a separate branch of government from the legislative and judicial powers Under normal circumstances, the executive is not accountable to, nor removable by, the legislature. As a result of separation of executive and legislative powers, these systems are often slow to act, lack party discipline in the legislative branch, and are prone to political gridlock | 31 | |
| 9856193452 | patronage | the distribution of material benefits to supporters in return for loyalty | 32 | |
| 9856193453 | referendum | a vote on an issue referred to an electorate by the government. The result may lead to new laws or may in some cases amend the constitution. | 33 | |
| 9856193458 | corporatist systems | certain interest groups within society have a special relationship with the government. These key interest groups have a "seat at the table" in return for their cooperation in the creation and implementation of government policies. | 34 | |
| 9856193459 | pluralist systems | -interest groups compete, rather than cooperate, for influence over government. -based on the idea that all individuals, political parties, and interest groups have roughly equal access and ability to influence government policy, and that the government is neutral in its treatment of interest groups. In theory, so long as all interest groups feel they have access to the political process and are being heard, such systems will remain stable. | 35 | |
| 9856193460 | theocracy | A system of government under which a deity is seen as the supreme ruler, or the entity in which ultimate sovereignty rests. | 36 | |
| 9856193461 | authoritarian system | led by a leader, or a small group of leaders, who has complete authority and is unaccountable to the population. | 37 | |
| 9856193462 | Welfare states | governmental policies that provide a "social safety net" by directly or indirectly providing pensions, health care, unemployment insurance, and assistance to the poor and others in need. _________ may also redistribute wealth to provide for the needs of the public. Welfare state systems may have some, or all, of the following policies in place: 1. Government funded poverty relief 2. Government mandated unemployment benefits 3. Government mandated maternity leave and/or paternity leave 4. Government subsidized housing 5. Free job training provided by law 6. Government mandated disability insurance 7. Government subsidized or free university tuition 8. Government mandated retirement benefits or pensions 9. Government funded programs for the homeless | 38 | |
| 9856193463 | command economies | often have many of the following characteristics in common: 1. Central planning of all major economic decisions 2. Fixed or government set prices for goods and services 3. Government control of distribution and production of most, if not all, goods in the economy 4. Government control of employment and wages 5. Government ownership of most economic resources 6. Government ownership of all property, or few private property rights, if any 7. Government determined production levels and production quotas 8. Government created economic "plans" (e.g., 3-year plans, 5-year plans, etc.) 9. Small degree of income inequality for the vast majority of the population 10. Little freedom of choice in economic matters, including occupations, jobs, and housing | 39 | |
| 9856193464 | market economies | often have many of the following characteristics in common: 1. The law of supply and demand, rather than the government, allocates most resources 2. Private property is largely respected 3. Significant income and wage inequality can be found across a large portion of the society 4. Economic booms and busts (i.e., the business cycle) 5. Persistent unemployment, although the rate of unemployment varies over time 6. Focus is on the profits of businesses 7. Population has significant freedom of choice in occupations, jobs, housing, etc. 8. Competition is expected between workers and between businesses | 40 | |
| 9856193465 | globalization | the process through which the countries of the world are becoming more interconnected in the economic, political, and social realms. | 41 | |
| 9856193466 | supranational organizations | organizations that have some authority to infringe upon the sovereignty of member states These organizations can have a significant effect on any number of domestic political issues within member states, including environmental, taxation, and monetary policies. | 42 | |
| 9856193473 | infant mortality rate | The number of deaths of children one year of age or younger per 1,000 live births. this decreasing is a sign of economic development. | 43 | |
| 9856193475 | fertility rate | The average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. this decreasing is often a sign of economic development. | 44 | |
| 9856193480 | Urbanization | The percentage of a population that lives in urban areas. | 45 | |
| 9856193482 | Net Migration | The difference between the number of immigrants to a territory and the emigrants from that same territory. | 46 | |
| 9856193485 | Gross Domestic Product (GDP) | The value of all final goods and services produced in a country in a given year. Higher levels of GDP often mean more power in world affairs. | 47 | |
| 9856193486 | GDP per capita | GDP divided by total population. | 48 | |
| 9856193487 | GDP real growth rate | The percentage change in GDP over a given period adjusted for inflation. | 49 | |
| 9856193489 | Unemployment Rate | The percentage of the population, that is willing and able to work, but does not have a job. | 50 | |
| 9856193490 | GIni Index | A measure of income or wealth inequality within a society. Lower values indicate less income inequality while higher values indicate greater income inequality. | 51 | |
| 9856193493 | autocracy | a system of government in which one person has unlimited power. | 52 | |
| 9856193494 | head of government | usually the person in charge of the executive power. | 53 | |
| 9856193495 | head of state | the representative of a country to the world. A largely ceremonial position in many systems. | 54 | |
| 9856193497 | liberalization | movements toward greater individual liberty or greater use of free markets. | 55 | |
| 9856193498 | post-industrial society | describes a society in which a large portion of the economy is engaged in providing services rather than industrial or agricultural production. | 56 | |
| 9856193501 | market rconomy | a governmental and political system in which the government lets market forces, for the most part, control. | 57 | |
| 9856193502 | sub-national Government | a regional or local government. | 58 | |
| 9856193505 | rentier State | a state that regularly derives a substantial portion of its revenues from payments by foreign concerns in the form of rent. | 59 | |
| 9856193507 | secular | having to do with worldly rather than religious concerns. | 60 | |
| 9856193509 | patron-client relationships | the relationships seen in systems of clientelism, in which governments hand out privileges to supporters. | 61 | |
| 9856193511 | devolution | the process by which a government under a unitary system transfers power to sub-national governments. | 62 | |
| 9856193513 | Human Development Index | a statistical measure of the development of a society based on levels of health, education, and standard of living. | 63 | |
| 9856193520 | co-optation | the political tactic of winning over opponents by assimilating some of their positions into your own. | 64 | |
| 9856193521 | coup d'etat | the forceful removal of a government, often by the military. | 65 | |
| 9856193524 | electorate | voters as a group | 66 | |
| 9856193528 | clientelism | the practice of exchanging public resources for votes, and political support. Often seen in corporatist systems, although its existence is not limited to such systems. | 67 | |
| 9856193529 | Civil Law (also known as Code Law) | a system of laws in which only legislative acts, and properly executed regulations, have the force of law. Judicial precedents rarely, if ever, have the force of law in these systems. | 68 | |
| 9856193530 | Common Law | a system of laws created through judicial precedents rather than legislative or executive actions. In common law systems, judicial precedents have the force of law, unless a specific legislative act, or executive regulation, is passed that supersedes these precedents. | 69 | |
| 9856193532 | Collectivization | the process of bringing individual property and resources under communal control. Normally seen in communist systems. | 70 | |
| 9856193534 | Oligarchy | rule by the few. | 71 | |
| 9856193540 | Pluralist System | a system in which groups compete for influence and power. | 72 | |
| 9856193563 | social capita | the social norms that lead to cooperation within and among groups in a society. | 73 | |
| 9856193564 | semi-presidential system | a political system with a dual executive, usually a president and prime minister. | 74 | |
| 9856193566 | presidentialism | describes a system of government in which the president wields extraordinary power and the legislative and judicial branches of government are subordinate to the president. | 75 | |
| 9856193579 | constitutional monarchy | a governmental system in which the power of a monarch is limited. | 76 |
