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| 6807297367 | Mikhail Gorbachev | Leader of the Soviet Union from 1985 to 1991 whose efforts to reform the USSR led to its collapse. Implemented perestroika and glasnost. | 0 | |
| 6807299009 | Nikita Khrushchev | Stalin's successor, was more open in his dealings with the West, was said to believe in peaceful coexistence with the West and challenged the west in economic rather than military competition, helped Fidel Castro (Cuban Missile Crisis) | 1 | |
| 6807299010 | Vladimir Lenin | founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924. | 2 | |
| 6807300524 | Karl Marx | father of communism | 3 | |
| 6807300525 | Dmitry Medvedev | current PM of Russia, switches with Putin when his term is over | 4 | |
| 6807306128 | Vladimir Putin | current President of Russia (2000-08, 2012-present). He consolidated power and crushed any revolution against him. Much more authoritarian than in the past. Yeltsin's handpicked authoritarian successor; placed significant restrictions on media freedom, abolished regional elections and distinction between judicial and executive authority; supported renationalization of some industries and more state regulation of energy policy and economic planning in general | 5 | |
| 6807306129 | Joseph Stalin | Leader of the CPSU and Soviet Union, 1924-53. Succeeded Lenin as head of the Communist Party and created a totalitarian state by purging all opposition (1879-1953). | 6 | |
| 6807308063 | Boris Yeltsin | Former reformist communist leader and president of Russia, 1991-2000. Heads the Russian Federation and proposed conservative transition to a market economy and immediate neoliberal economic reform. Approved the 1991 Constitution (ratified in 1993) by referendum. Created new law that the president can bypass the Duma (through decrees) | 7 | |
| 6807308064 | Bolshevik Revolution (1917) | dismantled the Czarist regime and replaced it with the Communist Regime led by Lenin. Reds vs Whites. | 8 | |
| 6807310465 | 1991 Revolution | coup attempt to remove the government from Gorbachev and replace it with the CPSU again, failed and Gorbachev came back into power | 9 | |
| 6807310466 | Stalinism | achieved in the name of Communism but was more like totalitarianism; benefited only government and relied on terror tactics, secret police, bogus trials and assassination | 10 | |
| 6807310467 | Collectivization | Stalin in the late 1920s and early 1930s, took over privatized agricultural land and turned them into State Owned Enterprises (SOE's) | 11 | |
| 6807312189 | Collective Farms | organized land and labor into large farms and had quotas on how much was to be produced in a specific amount of time. Part of the 5-year plan. Led to mass faminetotal fail... | 12 | |
| 6807312190 | Kulaks | a peasant in Russia, wealthy enough to own a farm and hire labor. Emerging after the emancipation of serfs in the 19th century, the kulaks resisted Stalin's forced collectivization, but millions were arrested, exiled, or killed. | 13 | |
| 6807314005 | Purges | campaign of political repression in the Soviet Union which occurred from 1936 to 1938. It involved a large-scale purge of the Communist Party and government officials, repression of peasants and the Red Army leadership, and widespread police surveillance, suspicion of "saboteurs", "counter-revolutionaries." Imprisonment, and arbitrary executions done by the NKVD (Russian Secret Police) | 14 | |
| 6807316269 | Regime Type under Stalin | Totalitarian | 15 | |
| 6807318440 | Khrushchev's Secret Speech | denunciation of the deceased Soviet leader Joseph Stalin made by Nikita S. Khrushchev to a closed session of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. | 16 | |
| 6807318441 | De-Stalinization | (in communist countries) the policy of eradicating the memory or influence of Joseph Stalin and Stalinism, especially after 1956. | 17 | |
| 6807321137 | Perestroika | GORBACHEV POLICY: political/economic reform or change. Started in 1985. Initially, the policy emphasized decentralization of economic decision-making, increased enterprise autonomy, expanded public discussion of policy issues, and a reduction in the international isolation of the Soviet economy. Over time, restructuring took on a more political tone, including a commitment to glasnost and demokratizatsiia. | 18 | |
| 6807323840 | Glasnost | GORBACHEV POLICY: policy of "openness", which involved an easing of controls on the media, arts, and public discussion, leading to an outburst of public debate and criticism covering most aspects of Soviet history, culture, and policy. | 19 | |
| 6807323841 | Democratization | GORBACHEV POLICY: demokratizatsiia, the policy of democratization in 1987 as an essential component of "perestroika." The policy was part of a gradual shift away from a vanguard party approach toward an acceptance of liberal democratic norms. Initially, the policy embraced multicandidate elections and a broadening of political competition within the Communist Party itself; after 1989, it involved acceptance of a multiparty system. | 20 | |
| 6807323842 | New Thinking | GORBACHEV POLICY:New Thinking" was Gorbachev's slogan for a foreign policy based on shared moral and ethical principles to solve global problems rather than on Marxist-Leninist concepts of irreconcilable conflict between capitalism and communism. | 21 | |
| 6807333752 | Type of Government | Federation | 22 | |
| 6807328408 | Power Vertical | a term used by Vladimir Putin to describe a unified and hierarchical structure of executive power ranging from the federal level to the local level, which can be reinforced by various mechanisms such as appointment of lower officials by higher-level officials and oversight of activities of lower organs by higher ones. | 23 | |
| 6807329972 | Treaties Linking Republics | attempt to revert the collapse of the USSRfails. Many republics are still loyal to Russia. | 24 | |
| 6807335475 | Asymmetric Federalism | a system of governance in which political authority is shared between a central government and regional or state governments, but where some sub-national units in the federal system have greater or lesser powers that others. | 25 | |
| 6807345942 | Legitimacy | Strong Autocratic Rule, Charismatic/Cult of Personality, Constitution of 1993, Communism | 26 | |
| 6807354369 | Tsars/Czars | emperors of Russia, pre-1917 | 27 | |
| 6807356533 | Communist | post-1917 | 28 | |
| 6807358862 | Marxism-Leninism | Lenin's interpretation of Marxism/Communism | 29 | |
| 6807358863 | Vanguard Party | a political party that claims to operate in the "true" interests of the group or lass it purports to represent, even if this understanding doesn't correspond to the expressed interests of the group itself. | 30 | |
| 6807360564 | Democratic Centralism | developed by V.I. Lenin and practiced, with modifications, by all communist party-states. Its principles include a hierarchical party structure in which (1) party leaders are elected on a delegate basis from lower to higher party bodies; (2) party leaders can be recalled by those who elected them; and (3) freedom of discussion is permitted until a decision is taken, but strict discipline and unity should prevail in implementing a decision once it is made. | 31 | |
| 6807360565 | Constitution of 1993 | created by referendum under Yeltsin in 1993. It created a Super-Presidency by granting him decree power. | 32 | |
| 6807364412 | Cleavages: Nationality | Chechnya and Caucasus Region | 33 | |
| 6807367602 | Chechnya | ethnic republic that declared its independence in September 1991, against which Yeltsin launched a disastrous full-scale military attack in 1994 which led to the death of thousands of civilians. Largely Muslim, continues to struggle for independence from Russia. | 34 | |
| 6807369367 | Caucasus Region | Southern area of Russia, very mountainous. Majority Muslim population. Includes Chechnya, as well as countries such as Georgia. | 35 | |
| 6807371026 | Cleavages: Religion | Russian Orthodox Church: majority of Russians are Orthodox, 41%, Islam and Other Minority Religions: 14% | 36 | |
| 6807381469 | Cleavages: Social Class | Nomenklatura->Equality of Result: the system of patronage in Communist countries, not equal | 37 | |
| 6807386614 | Cleavages: Region | Rural vs Urban | 38 | |
| 6807386615 | New Economic Policy | proposed by Vladimir Lenin, who described it as a progression towards "state capitalism" within the workers' state of the USSR. | 39 | |
| 6807386616 | 5 Year Plans | In the former Soviet Union and other communist countries, the period for which Gosplan developed goals and quotas. | 40 | |
| 6807388716 | Command Economy | an economic system in which the government controls a country's economy (used in the USSR) | 41 | |
| 6807388717 | Market Economy | an economy that relies chiefly on market forces to allocate goods and resources and to determine prices | 42 | |
| 6807390567 | Communism | the state plans and controls the economy and a single, often authoritarian party holds power, claiming to make progress toward a higher social order in which all goods are equally shared by the people | 43 | |
| 6807390568 | Socialism | system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the whole community | 44 | |
| 6807390569 | Capitalism | an economic system based on private property and free enterprise | 45 | |
| 6807393017 | Shock Therapy | employed by Yeltsin to revive the economy, Policies that rapidly shifts to a market economy | 46 | |
| 6807393018 | Insider Privatization | refers to the transformation of formerly state-owned enterprises into joint-stock companies or private enterprises in which majority control of the enterprise is in the hands of employees and/or managers of that enterprise. | 47 | |
| 6807394619 | Loans for Shares | under Yeltsin, some of the largest state industrial assets were leased through auctions for money lent by commercial banks to the government. The auctions were rigged and lacked competition, being largely controlled by favored insiders with political connections or used for the benefit of the commercial banks themselves. As neither the loans nor the leased enterprises were returned in time, this effectively became a form of selling, or privatizing, state assets at very low prices. | 48 | |
| 6807394620 | Oil & Gas Reserves | many have been exploited (used to be a rentier state, has since diversified), following the collapse of the USSR petroleum output sharply declined. | 49 | |
| 6807394841 | Corporations | many exist in Russia; some are privately owned and some are government owned | 50 | |
| 6807397975 | Soviet Era Institutions | o General Secretary: head of the CPSU and President o Politburo: the principal policymaking committee in the former Soviet Union, founded in 1917 | 51 | |
| 6807401143 | Semi-Presidential | has both a President and a PM | 52 | |
| 6807403304 | Dual Executive | two executives direct/lead the country o President: currently Vladimir Putin Presidential Decree: law made by the President and bypasses the legislature o Prime Minister(PM): currently Dmitry Medvedev | 53 | |
| 6807406193 | Bicameral Legislature | two houses o Duma: lower house, rubberstamp ->controlled by Putin, elected, has more power compared to the Federation Council o Federation Council: upper house, approve laws, elected, approve new lands and territories (Chechnya), delay legislation | 54 | |
| 6807406194 | Constitutional Court | verify if all laws made are constitutional, rubberstamp, does not oppose Putin | 55 | |
| 6807408801 | Absolute & Concrete Judicial Review: | Abstract review advises on or judges the validity of a law at the request of the government and does not need to be prompted by a specific legal case. Concrete judicial review arises in the context of a lawsuit in which one party sues another party in a court of law and asks a court to render a decision based on the law to settle the dispute. | 56 | |
| 6807408802 | Supreme Court | highest court, supposed to have judicial review...all in Constitution, but NO OPPOSITION TO PUTIN, rule of law is also very weak | 57 | |
| 6807408803 | Appointment of Judges | appointed by Putintherefore loyal | 58 | |
| 6807411246 | Power/Role of Courts | judicial review, rule of law (HAHA NOT HAPPENING) pro Putin | 59 | |
| 6807411247 | Rule of Law | very weak...non-existent??? | 60 | |
| 6807413436 | Political Parties | NO CLEAR POLITCAL PLATFORM FOR ANY PARTY and BASED AROUND KEY PEOPLE, most parties align with United Russia | 61 | |
| 6807413437 | CPSU (Soviet Era) | primary and dominant party, has since dismantled | 62 | |
| 6807416136 | United Russia | dominant party in Duma and ruling party, wins around 70% of vote every single time(FISHY???), they alone can change the constitutionhave SUPERMAJORITY | 63 | |
| 6807416135 | Communist Party of the Russian Federation(CPRF/KPRF) | only real opposition party, barely gets any votes, but has the 2nd highest seats | 64 | |
| 6807418335 | Liberal Democrats | third party in Russia, third highest seats, vote with United Russia | 65 | |
| 6807418336 | A Just Russia (Fair Russia) | fourth party that barely gets seats | 66 | |
| 6807418527 | Yabloko | a pro-democracy "liberal" pro-west, pro-privatization party... here's another worthless party used for "competitive" elections... (apple party) | 67 | |
| 6807420151 | Union of Right Forces | joined forces with Yabloko... and yet still a worthless party... | 68 | |
| 6807420152 | Parties of Powers | and another worthless party... | 69 | |
| 6807422302 | One Party State | A one-party state is a form of government where the country is ruled by a single political party, meaning only one political party exists and the forming of other political parties is forbidden. (other parties are allowed but must be approved, but never win compared to United Russia | 70 | |
| 6807424573 | One Party Dominant State | one party dominates all the elections and are predicted to win the election and seats uncontested | 71 | |
| 6807424575 | Gazprom | Russia's Largest Corporation holds the world's largest natural gas reserves, carries out business of extraction, production, transport, and sale of natural gas, private | 72 | |
| 6807424888 | Rosneft: | integrated oil company, majority owned by government | 73 | |
| 6807426712 | Russian Technology | state corporation, promote development, production and export of hi-tech industrial products for civil and defense sectors | 74 | |
| 6807426713 | United Aircraft Corporation | majority stake belonging to the Russian Government, it consolidates Russian private and state-owned aircraft construction companies and assets engaged in the manufacture, design and sale of military, civilian, transport, and unmanned aircraft. | 75 | |
| 6807426714 | Co-Optation | Incorporating activists into the system while accommodating some of their concerns. | 76 | |
| 6807428736 | Patron-Client Systems | Nomenklatura: the system of patronage in Communist countries | 77 | |
| 6807428737 | Oligarchy: | Russian Captains of Industry who wield tremendous economic power but politically have been cut off from political power by Vladimir Putin. Most seized power during the Shock therapy session of Yeltsin in the 1990s | 78 | |
| 6807428738 | Mikhail Khodorkovsky (Mr. K) | Founder and CEO of Yukos oil, Russia's first Billionaire and poweful Oligarch who was jailed by Putin. charged with corruption and embezzlement and exiled | 79 | |
| 6807431052 | Boris Berezovsky | Loans for shares, Sibneft oil company, murdered | 80 | |
| 6807434235 | Duma Elections | changed election laws (in 2015) after the Winter of Discontent, he also changed may other laws o Before 2007: mixed SMD and PR+5% threshold o 2007-2015: ONLY PR+7% threshold o 2016-Present: mixed SMD and PR+5% threshold | 81 | |
| 6807436206 | Presidential Elections | directly elected, needs majority to win (50.1%), no run-off | 82 | |
| 6807436207 | Single Member District(SMD) | half of the seats in the Duma are elected FPTP/SMD. | 83 | |
| 6807436208 | Proportional Representation | used to elect the DUMA from 2007 - 2015. | 84 | |
| 6807437950 | Threshold | parties must get at least 5% of the Proportional "national"vote before being granted seats in the Duma | 85 | |
| 6807437951 | Civil Code Law | systematic collection of laws designed to comprehensively deal with the core areas of private law such as for dealing with business and negligence lawsuits and practices | 86 | |
| 6807437952 | Pravda | Russian broadsheet newspaper | 87 | |
| 6807439960 | Death of Journalists | many deaths have been reported as accidents, suicides, etc.... these people wrote anti-Putin articles and mysteriously disappeared | 88 | |
| 6807442018 | State Corporatism | the state requires all members of an economic sector to join an officially designated interest group. Such interest groups thus attain public status, and they participate in national policy-making. The result is the state has great control over the groups, and groups have great control over their members. | 89 | |
| 6807442019 | Nashi | pro- Putin youth movement in Russia, which declares itself to be a democratic, anti-fascist, anti-'oligarchic-capitalist' movement | 90 | |
| 6807446461 | Statism | a political belief in which the state has substantial centralized control over social and economic affairs | 91 | |
| 6807446462 | Slavophiles | Russian intellectuals in the early nineteenth century who favored resisting western European influences and taking pride in the traditional peasant values and institutions of the Slavic People. | 92 | |
| 6807448154 | Head of Government | Prime Minister Dmitryi Medvedev , domestic affairs | 93 | |
| 6807448155 | Head of State | President Vlad! Kommandant-in-chief, in charge of nuking 'merica. | 94 | |
| 6807473114 | Migration Route | west to east | 95 |
