intro test apcp hollenbeck
Terms : Hide Images
| 926259874 | SMD | single member district (one person represents geographical district) | 0 | |
| 926259875 | plurality election | candidate with the most votes wins (usually a two-party system with catch-all parties) | 1 | |
| 926259876 | majority run-off election | winner must have 50%+1 of the vote, if not, run-off election takes place between top 2 finishers | 2 | |
| 926259877 | party list/proportional representation voting | 1. parties make lists of candidates to be elected in order of importance 2. people vote for a party 3. seats get allocated to each party in proportion to the number of votes a party receives 4. threshold for minimum percentage of vote to get seats (likely to have many ideological parties) | 3 | |
| 926259878 | federal system | -allocates significant power to subunits (states) -large geographically -diverse citizenry | 4 | |
| 926259879 | federal system advantages | -protect minorities -experiment policy programs (laboratories of democracy) -citizens may vote with feel (move if unhappy w laws) -training ground for politicians -flexible, accommodates particularism | 5 | |
| 926259880 | federal system disadvantages | -tough to achieve nationwide standards in education health care, etc -inconsistent -unitary governments in better position to redistribute wealth | 6 | |
| 926259881 | unitary system | one central government, little or no power to subunits | 7 | |
| 926259882 | state | -organization that exercises legal power over a population in a given territory -utilizes political institutions to generate and carry out policy -typically highly institutionalized sovereign | 8 | |
| 926259883 | regime | -institutions and practices that endure from government to government -rules that a state sets and follows in exerting its pwer embodied in constitutin | 9 | |
| 926259884 | government | -leadership or elite in charge of running the state -head of government and his/her cabinet -weakly institutionalized | 10 | |
| 926259885 | nation | the primarily psychological sense of identification with a people because of culture, geography, or linguistic ties | 11 | |
| 926259886 | active citizen | -stays informed and educated -takes active role in political process -challenges unfair laws | 12 | |
| 926259887 | subject citizen | -accepts rules to provide order to society -avoids challenging laws unless absolutely needed -weak sense of efficacy | 13 | |
| 926259888 | parochial citizen | -lacks broad understanding, viewpoint is restricted in scope -immediate and local needs take precedence | 14 | |
| 926259889 | estranged citizen | -stays informed -frustrated from lack of proper change -feels like an outsider -may act on frustrations | 15 | |
| 926259890 | egalitarian view of authority | -belief in equality of all people -expect policies that promote equality | 16 | |
| 926259891 | deferential view of authority | -accepts authority -finds justification to accept authority: superior knowledge, -wisdom, expertise | 17 | |
| 926259892 | submissive | -surrenders to authority's rule without question -does not challenge bad or unfair rules | 18 | |
| 926259893 | rule of law | set of rules that is applicable to all constituents of a soctiey enforced, clear, stable, fair, protect rights | 19 | |
| 926259894 | consensual political culture | although citizens may disagree on some political processes and policies, they generally agree on how decisions are made, what issues should be addressed, and what problems should be solved. This type of political culture accepts both the legitimacy of the regime and solutions to major problems. | 20 | |
| 926259895 | conflictual political culture | the citizens are sharply divided, often on both the legitimacy of the regime and solutions to major problems | 21 | |
| 926259896 | Marxism-Leninism | -philosophy that leads to communism -proletariat will be oppressed by the bourgeoisie -classless society -remove selfish motives -"from each according to ability, to each according to needs" | 22 | |
| 926259897 | Socialism | -redistribute wealth through high taxes -nationalization of key industry -places considerable value on equality but attempts to protect some individual freedoms | 23 | |
| 926259898 | Classic liberalism | -need a constitution to restrict power of state -emphasis on individual freedoms and liberties -call for private ownership of means of production -minimal government regulation | 24 | |
| 926259899 | Social liberalism | -US Democrats -focus on constitutional and individual liberties -somewhat higher taxes to redistribute wealth -more regulation of corporations | 25 | |
| 926259900 | Neoliberalism | -just modern economic classic liberalism -promotes free competition -privatize -reduce trade barriers and social spending | 26 | |
| 926259901 | European conservatism | -suspicious of too much capitalism and too much socialism -noblese oblige- nobles are obligated to help less fortunate -accept industrial capitalism and democratic government | 27 | |
| 926259902 | US conservatism | embraces free market, limited role of the state, reduced government spending, lower taxes, link to dominant religion | 28 | |
| 926259903 | Neoconservatism | free market, reduced government involvement in economy, lower taxes, SPREAD DEMOCRACY | 29 | |
| 926259904 | factors encouraging legitimacy | -historical tradition -charismatic leadership -economic well-being -rational-legal rule -satisfaction with government's performance | 30 | |
| 926259905 | systems theory | inputs/interest articulation -- Decision making and interest aggregation -- outputs/public policy -- feedback (how citizens find out about public policy and how they react) ((environment = outside forces that can't be controlled)) | 31 | |
| 926259906 | cumulative cleavage | don't agree on anything | 32 | |
| 926259907 | cross-cutting cleavage | groups agree on some things but disagree on others | 33 | |
| 926259908 | civil society | voluntary associations outside of the state | 34 | |
| 926259909 | advanced or industrialized democracies | -civil liberties -strong rule of law -independent judiciary -open civil society -competitive elections -post-materialist state (concerned w needs such as equality, not worried about food or shelter) | 35 | |
| 926259910 | communist and post-communist states | -Marxism-Leninism as original basis -authoritarian -command economy -civil society lacking -increased globalization -political culture makes transition to democracy difficult | 36 | |
| 926259911 | newly industrialized and less developed countries | -post-colonial concerns -legitimacy issues -ethnic conflict -environmental concerns -increases social cleavages -international financial institutions act on state | 37 | |
| 926259912 | 3 trends in contemporary world | 1. Democratization: liberal vs illiberal (elections but unfair) 2. Movement toward market economies: belief that government is too big, lack of success in command economies 3. Revival of ethnic or cultural politics- IDENTITY POLITICS! : nationalization, politicalization of religion | 38 | |
| 926259913 | state building concerns | -identity concerns -legitimacy -political participation -distribution | 39 | |
| 926341307 | Parliamentary System | -FUSED legislative and executive branches -operation part is prime minister and cabinet (chosen from legislature) -symbolic part is head of state (right to be consulted) -prime minister first among equals -cabinet ministers take COLLECTIVE RESPONSIBILITY and are chosen based on leadership and seniority -proposed legislation must have majority vote in parliament -strong party loyalty | 40 | |
| 926341308 | Presidential System | -president executive power, popularly elected, head of state and government -congress legislative power, popularly elected -party government- legislation easily passed -split government-congress and president compete, gridlock -accountability is ambiguous | 41 | |
| 926341309 | Semi-Presidential | -president elected by people and shares power with a prime minister and a cabinet -president chooses prime minister (must have confirmation from legislature) -president in charge of foreign policy -prime minister and cabinet have power over domestic issues | 42 | |
| 926341310 | Islamic Republic | -part secular (president, cabinet, parliament) and part religious (supreme leader, guardian counsel) -elected officials (secular) subordinate to unelected officials (religious) -president and legislature popularly elected -Assembly of Experts chooses Supreme Leader and provide guidance -Sharia law -nationalism fueled by leaders against corrupting influences of western materialism | 43 | |
| 926341311 | One-party Communist System | -USSR and China -communist party totally controls political life -run according to principal of democratic centralism, which concentrates power in the hands of party elite (triangle) -command economy until late 1980's -committee creates 5 year plans to set quotas -refined system of recruiting members into the party through educations and benefits -party leader = General Secretary -Politburo = ruling elite -legislature acts as "rubber stamp" | 44 | |
| 926341312 | rational-legal leadership | -rule of law -authority comes from position -consent of governed -interest articulations -separates church and state -meritocracy | 45 | |
| 926341313 | traditional leadership | -based on custom -ruler's word law -inherited position -linked to dominant religion | 46 | |
| 926341314 | charismatic leadership | -cult of personality -inspires passion -patron-client system (spoils system) | 47 | |
| 926341315 | authoritarian | -rules by force -submissive citizens -manipulated feedback -patron-client system (spoils system) -tries to build nationalism | 48 | |
| 926341316 | common law | based on tradition and previous court cases | 49 | |
| 926341317 | code law | law based on rules, usually a document | 50 | |
| 926341320 | free market or capitalism | -private ownership of goods -freedom of choice -encourages risk-taking -competition -laws of supply and demand determine prices | 51 | |
| 926341321 | mixed economy or socialism | -higher taxes for social benefits -redistribute wealth -achieve fairness by public ownerships of utility, banks, transportation, energy, etc. | 52 | |
| 926341322 | centrally planned or command | -state ownership of all means of production and distribution -one party controls all decisions -bureaucrats set quotas for factories and farms -collectivization of agriculture | 53 | |
| 926347146 | political culture | prevailing political attitudes, values, feelings, information and skills within a state or society | 54 | |
| 926376801 | UK Political Grid | Queen Elizabeth II -head of state Prime Minister Cameron -head of government House of Commons -lower house Conservatives (Tories) -dominant party Parliamentary Unitary | 55 | |
| 926376802 | Mexico Political Grid | President Pena Nieto -head of state and government Chamber of Deputies- lower house PRI -dominant party Presidential System Federal | 56 | |
| 926376803 | Russia Political Grid | President Putin -head of state Prime Minister Medvedev -head of government Duma -lower house United Russia -dominant party Semi-presidential Federal | 57 | |
| 926376804 | China Political Grid | President Xi -head of state Prime Minister Li -head of government National People's Congress -lower house Chinese Communist Party -only party Socialism with Chinese characteristics Unitary | 58 | |
| 926376805 | Nigeria Political Grid | President Jonathan -head of state and government House of Representatives -lower house PDP -dominant party Presidential Federal | 59 | |
| 926376806 | Iran Political Grid | Supreme Leader Khamenei -head of state President Rouhani -head of government Majlis -lower house Conservatives -dominant party Theocratic Republic Unitary | 60 | |
| 926991281 | Executive branch | head of state, head of government, bureaucracy | 61 | |
| 926991282 | pragmatism | flexible, practical politics, willingness to change. Opposite of ideological | 62 | |
| 926991283 | institutionalized | permanency in structures not people | 63 |
