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AP English Language and Composition Flashcards

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10940956191concreteexisting in a material or physical form; real or solid; not abstract.0
10940956192literalExactly true, rather than figurative or metaphorical1
10940956193abstractexisting in thought or as an idea but not having a physical or concrete existence.2
10940956194euphoniouspleasing to the ear3
10940956195figurativesymbolic4
10940956196monosyllabichaving only one syllable5
10940956197polysyllabichaving many syllables6
10940956198cacophonousharsh sounding7
10940956199Jargonspecial words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand.8
10940956200colloquialCharacteristic of ordinary conversation rather than formal speech or writing9
10940956201slanginformal language10
10940956202formalfollowing rules or customs, often in an exact and proper way11
10940956203informalnot formal12
10940956204DenotationThe dictionary definition of a word13
10940956205Connotationan idea or feeling that a word invokes in addition to its literal or primary meaning.14
10940956206SimileA comparison using "like" or "as"15
10940956207MetaphorA comparison without using like or as16
10940956208MetonymyA figure of speech in which something is referred to by using the name of something that is associated with it17
10940956209Synecdochea figure of speech in which a part is made to represent the whole or vice versa18
10940956210PersonificationA figure of speech in which an object or animal is given human feelings, thoughts, or attitudes19
10940956211Syllepsis/Zeugmaa construction in which one word is used in two different senses20
10940956212Hyperboleexaggeration21
10940956213ApostropheA figure of speech that directly addresses an absent or imaginary person or a personified abstraction, such as liberty or love.22
10940956214EuphemismAn indirect, less offensive way of saying something that is considered unpleasant23
10940956215Litotes/meiosisunderstatement24
10940956216Hypophoraraising a question then proceeding to answer it25
10940956217rhetorical questionA question asked merely for rhetorical effect and not requiring an answer26
10940956218Sarcasmthe use of irony to mock or convey contempt27
10940956219IronyA contrast between expectation and reality28
10940956220OnomatopoeiaA word that imitates the sound it represents.29
10940956221ParadoxA statement or proposition that seems self-contradictory or absurd but in reality expresses a possible truth.30
10940956222OxymoronA figure of speech that combines opposite or contradictory terms in a brief phrase.31
10940956223AllusionA reference to another work of literature, person, or event32
10940956224Idiom/Clichea group of words established by usage as having a meaning not deducible from those of the individual words33
10940956225anecdotea short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person34
10940956226SyntaxThe way words are arranged in a sentence35
10940956227schemeartful variation from the typical arrangement of words in a sentence36
10940956228declarativemakes a statement ex. i am tired37
10940956229imperativeA sentence that requests or commands. ex. raise your hand38
10940956230InterrogativeA sentence that asks a question ex. are you tired?39
10940956231exclamatorymakes an exclamation ex. I am tired!40
10940956232telegraphic sentenceA sentence shorter than five words in length.41
10940956233short sentence5-8 words in length-tend to be more emotional42
10940956234medium sentenceApproximately 18 words in length43
10940956235long and involved sentence30 words or more in length- descriptive with polysyllabic diction44
10940956236clauseA grammatical unit that contains both a subject and a verb.45
10940956237Main/Independent Clauseexpresses a complete thought and can stand alone as a sentence (knew no fear)46
10940956238dependent/subordinate clausecannot stand alone as a sentence and must be accompanied by an independent clause (when i was a small child)47
10940956239simple sentenceonly has one independent clause (katelyn and rick are partners for this project)48
10940956240compound sentencea sentence with two or more coordinate independent clauses-joined by a conjunction (katelyn and rick are partners on this project, but they each way to be with someone else)49
10940956241complex sentenceA sentence that includes one independent clause and at least one dependent clause (because katelyn was absent on tuesday, she was unable to choose her partner)50
10940956242compound-complex sentenceat least one dependent clause and two or more independent clauses (because katelyn and rick were absent on tuesday, they were unable to choose their partners, so the teacher put them together)51
10940956243loose/cumulative sentenceThe subject and verb come at the beginning of the sentence (i balance work, home, and church life with no small amount of resentment)52
10940956244periodic sentencesentence whose main clause is withheld until the end (at the dawn of time before light or dark, solid or liquid, he spoke)53
10940956245balanced sentencethe phrases or clauses balance each other by virtue of their likeness of structure, meaning, or length (me maketh me to lie down in green pastures; he leadeth me besides still waters)54
10940956246Verbalsformed from verbs and are used as adjectives, nouns, or adverbs55
10940956247GerundA verb form ending in -ing that is used as a noun56
10940956248participlesVerbal that ends with -ing or -ed -d -t -en and serves as an adjective57
10940956249Infinitiveto + verb (to jump is fun)58
10940956250Parallelismsimilarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses (he tried to make the law clear, precise, and equitable.)59
10940956251IsocolonParallel structure in which the parallel elements are similar not only in grammatical structure, but also in length (his purpose was to impress the ignorant, to perplex the dubious, and to confound the scrupulous)60
10940956252Juxtapositionbroad term for placing ideas side-by-side for the purpose of contrast61
10940956253Antithesisthe juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas to give a feeling of balance (that's one small step for man, one giant step for mankind)62
10940956254AnastropheInversion of the natural or usual word order (tires are they who faithfully complete their homework)63
10940956255Parenthesisinsertion of some verbal unit in a position that interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence ()64
10940956256appositiona grammar construction in which a noun (or noun phrase) is placed with another as an explanation (john morgan, the president of the organization, could not be reached by phone.)65
10940956257Ellipsisthree periods (...) indicating the omission of words in a thought or quotation66
10940956258Asyndetonomission of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words (i came, i saw, i conquered)67
10940956259PolysyndetonDeliberate use of many conjunctions (basically when the author uses "and" a lot)68
10940956260AlliterationRepetition of initial consonant sounds69
10940956261AssonanceRepetition of vowel sounds (finally a kind, reliable, right-minded friend)70
10940956262Anaphorathe repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive clauses71
10940956263Epistrophethe repetition of a word at the end of successive clauses or sentences72
10940956264Anadiplosisrepetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause (the crime was common, common be the pain)73
10940956265Climaxarrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of increasing importance74
10940956266ChiasmusA statement consisting of two parallel parts in which the second part is structurally reversed75

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