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| 5364637748 | Aristotelian Triangle | Speaker: ethos Audience: pathos Subject: logos show relationship between these pillars of what makes the argument convincing |  | 0 |
| 5364637749 | Audience | The listener, viewer, or reader of a text. Most texts are likely to have multiple audiences. Ex: Gehrig's audience was his teammates and fans in the stadium that day, but it was also the teams he played against, the fans listening on the radio, and posterity - us. | 1 | |
| 5364637750 | Concession | An acknowledgement that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. In a strong argument, a concession is usually accompanied by a refutation challenging the validity of the opposing argument. Ex: Lou Gehrig concedes what some of his listeners may think - that his bad break is a cause for discouragement or despair. Agree with part of what your saying is the concession but is paired with not changing position. Concessions is part where you agree with other side. | 2 | |
| 5364637751 | Connotation | Meanings or associations that readers have with a word beyond its dictionary definition, or denotation. Are usually positive or negative, and they can greatly affect the author's tone. Consider the connotations of the words below, all of which mean "overweight". Ex: That cat is plump. That cat is fat. That cat is obese. Plump is positive connotation vs. obese which is a negative connotation. | 3 | |
| 5364637752 | Context | The circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding a text. Ex: The context for Lou Gehrig's speech is the recent announcement of his illness and his subsequent recruitment, but also the poignant contrast between his potent career and his debilitating disease. Great Gatsby, if you don't know context of 1920s then doesn't make sense - don't get context from book. | 4 | |
| 5364637753 | Counterargument | An opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring a counterargument, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation. Ex: Some of Lou Gehrig's listeners might have argued that his bad break was a cause of discouragement or despair. | 5 | |
| 5364637754 | Ethos | Greek for "character". Speakers appeal to ethos to demonstrate that the are credible and trustworthy to speak on a given topic. Ethos is established by both who you are and what you say. Ex: Lou Gehrig brings the ethos of being a legendary athlete to his speech, yet in it he establishes different kind of ethos - that of a regular guy and good sport who shares the audience's love of baseball and family. And like them, he has known good luck and bad breaks. ethics - character - why is the speaker someone you should believe - upstanding, have a lot of character, maybe like you appeals to the fact that people want to be good people | 6 | |
| 5364637755 | Logos | Greek for "embodied thought". Speakers appeal to logos, or reason, by offering clear, rational ideas and using specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimony to back them up. Ex: Gehrig starts with the thesis that he is "the luckiest man on the face of the earth" and supports it with two points: (1) the love and kindness he's received in his seventeen years of playing baseball, and (2) a list of great people who have been his friends, family, and teammates. logic | 7 | |
| 5364637756 | Occasion | The time and place a speech is given or a piece is written. Ex: In the case of Gehrig's speech, the occasion is Lou Gehrig's Appreciation Day. More specifically, his moment comes at home plate between games of a doubleheader. | 8 | |
| 5364637757 | Pathos | Greek for "suffering" or "experience". Speakers appeal to pathos to emotionally motivate their audience. More specific appeals to pathos might play on the audience's values, desires, and hopes, on the on hard, or fears and prejudices, on the other. Ex: The most striking appeal to pathos is the poignant contrast between Gehrig's horrible diagnosis and his public display of courage. emotional appeals | 9 | |
| 5364637758 | Persona | Greek for "mask". The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience. Ex: Lou Gehrig is a famous baseball hero, but in his speech he presents himself as a common man who is modest and thankful for the opportunities he's had. | 10 | |
| 5364637759 | Polemic | Greek for "hostile". An aggressive argument that tries to establish the superiority of one opinion over all others. Polemics generally do not concede that opposing opinions have any merit ex: someone who is very strong on abortion, won't change sides | 11 | |
| 5364637760 | Propaganda | The spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, propaganda is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause. For more information, see how to detect propaganda on page. 756. -- very biased material - often used by governments | 12 | |
| 5367709307 | Purpose | The goal the speaker wants to achieve. Ex: one of Gehrig's chief purposes in delivering his Farewell Address is to thank his fans and his teammates, but he also wants to demonstrate that he remains positive: he emphasizes his past luck and present optimism and downplays his illness. | 13 | |
| 5367716332 | Refutation | A detail of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, refutations often follow a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument many be true or reasonable. Ex: Lou Gehrig refutes that his bad break is a cause for discouragement by saying that he has "an awful lot to live for". | 14 | |
| 5367722880 | Rhetoric | As Aristotle defined the term, "the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion". In other word, it is the art of finding ways to persuade an audience. What strategies am I using to convince you | 15 | |
| 5367726349 | Rhetorical appeals | Rhetorical techniques used to persuade an audience by emphasizing what they find most important or compelling. The 3 major appeals are ethos (character), logos (reason) and pathos (emotion). | 16 | |
| 5367730849 | Rhetorical triangle | A diagram that illustrates the interrelationship among the speaker, audience, and subject in determining a text. See pg. 4. | 17 | |
| 5367734153 | SOAPS | A mnemonic device that stands for Subject, Occasion Audience, Purpose, and Speaker. It is a handy way to remember the various elements that make up the rhetorical situation. | 18 | |
| 5367737083 | Speaker | The person or group who creates a text. This might be a politician who delivers a speech, a commentator who writes an article, an artist who draws a political cartoon, or even a company that commissions an advertisement. Ex: In his Farewell Address, the speaker is not just Lou Gehrig, but baseball hero and ALS victim Lou Gehrig, a common man who is modest and thankful for the opportunities he's had. | 19 | |
| 5367747674 | Subject | The topic of a text. What the text is about. Ex: Lou Gehrig's subject in his speech is his illness, but it is also a catalog of all the lucky breaks that preceded his diagnosis. | 20 | |
| 5367750675 | Text | While this term generally means the written word, in the humanities it has come to mean any cultural product that can be "read" - meaning not just consumed and comprehended, but investigated. This includes fiction, nonfiction, poetry, political cartoons, fine art, photography, performances, fashion, cultural trends and much more. A video could be called a text under the broader definition. | 21 |
