Terms : Hide Images
| 13917497755 | rhetorical situation | it has an occasion (the time and place the text was written or spoken) which exists within a specific context (the circumstances, atmosphere, attitudes, and events surrounding the text) and includes a purpose that the speaker wants to achieve. | 0 | |
| 13917497756 | Rhetorical triangle | speaker (creator of a text), audience (reader/viewer of the text), subject (topic of the text) |  | 1 |
| 13917497757 | SOAPSTone | subject, occasion, audience, purpose, speaker, tone; it's a checklist that organizes ideas rhetorically | 2 | |
| 13917497758 | ethos | appeal to credibility and demonstrates trustworthiness. in order to build this rhetorical appeal, writers and authors have to explain their credentials and/or emphasize shared values. ex: celebrity endorsements, personal experience, expert testimony | 3 | |
| 13917497759 | logos | Appeal to logic and reason that offer clear, rational ideas that use specific details, examples, facts, statistics, or expert testimomny to back it up. Appealing to logos also is acknowledging that a counterargument may be reasonable/true and then refuting the validity of said argument. ex: persuasive comparison, syllogism, statistics, inducting and deductive reasoning, inference | 4 | |
| 13917497760 | pathos | appeal to emotions, values, desires, and hopes, on the one hand, or fears and prejudices, on the other. uses tools such as figurative language, personal anecdotes, imagery, and vivid images in order to evoke the audience's emotions ex: humor, fear and insecurity to scare them into making the right choice, sexual appeal (desirable), loaded lang, bandwagon, plain wagon, snob appeal | 5 | |
| 13917497762 | rhetoric | the art of finding ways to persuade an audience | 6 | |
| 13917497763 | rhetorical analysis of visual texts | although they may not be written in paragraphs or have a traditional thesis, they are occasioned by specific circumstances, they have a purpose, and they make a claim and support it with appeals to authority, emotion, and reason. | 7 | |
| 13917497764 | alliteration | repetition of the same sound beginning several words or syllables in sequence | 8 | |
| 13917497765 | allusion | brief reference to a person, event, or place (real or fictitious) or to a work of art | 9 | |
| 13917497766 | anaphora | repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases, clauses, or lines ex: not to call arms, not as a call to battle, not to arise fear--though arms we need. | 10 | |
| 13917497767 | antithesis | opposition, or contrast, of ideas or words in a parallel construction ex: we shall support any friend, oppose any foe | 11 | |
| 13917497769 | imperative sentence | sentence used to command or enjoin | 12 | |
| 13917497770 | inversion | inverted order of words in a sentence (variation of the subject-verb-object order) | 13 | |
| 13917497771 | juxtaposition | placement of two things closely together to emphasize similarities or differences | 14 | |
| 13917497772 | metaphor | figure of speech that compares two things without using like or as and describes an object or action in a way that isn't literally true, but helps explain an idea or make a comparison | 15 | |
| 13917497773 | paradox | a statement that contradicts itself and still seems true somehow | 16 | |
| 13917497774 | Parallelism | similarity of structure in a pair or series of related words, phrases, or clauses | 17 | |
| 13917497775 | periodic sentence | sentence whose main clause is withheld until the end; a stylistic device in which a sentence is not complete grammatically or semantically before the final clause or phrase | 18 | |
| 13917497776 | personification | attribution of a lifelike quality to an inanimate object or an idea | 19 | |
| 13917497777 | rhetorical question | figure of speech in the form of a question posed for rhetorical effect rather than for the purpose of getting an answer | 20 | |
| 13917497778 | synecdoche | figure of speech that uses a part to represent the whole | 21 | |
| 13917497779 | zeugma | use of two different words in a grammatically similar way that produces different, often incongruous, meanings ex: she broke my car and my heart | 22 | |
| 13917497780 | Polysyndeton | a literary technique in which conjunctions are used repeatedly in quick succession, often with no commas, even when the conjunctions could be removed | 23 | |
| 13917497781 | anecdote | a short and amusing or interesting story about a real incident or person | 24 | |
| 13917497782 | colloquial | informal conversation | 25 | |
| 13917497785 | diction | the choice and use of words and phrases in speech or writing. | 26 | |
| 13917497786 | hyperbole | exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally. | 27 | |
| 13917497788 | fallacy | defects that weaken arguments; very common and persuasive, at least to the common reader or listener | 28 | |
| 13917497789 | slippery slope | The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction, usually ending in some dire consequence, will take place, but there's really not enough evidence for that assumption. ex: if u give a mouse a cookie | 29 | |
| 13917497790 | hasty generalization | Making assumptions about a whole group or range of cases based on a sample that is inadequate, usually bc its too small and atypical ex: stereotypes | 30 | |
| 13917497794 | circular argument | A type of reasoning in which the proposition is supported by the premises, which is supported by the proposition, creating a circle in reasoning where no useful information is being shared. ex: x is true bc of y. y is true bc of x | 31 | |
| 13917497795 | either/or fallacy | when only 2 choices are presented yet more exist ex: you're either a cat person or a dog person | 32 | |
| 13917497796 | ad hominem | attacking the person rather than the argument itself; completely irrelevant ex: person is claiming Y. Person is idiot therefore claim Y is untrue. | 33 | |
| 13917497797 | Ad populem | concludes that a proposition is true because many or most people believe it | 34 | |
| 13917497798 | straw man | The arguer sets up a weak version of the opponent's position and tries to score points by knocking it down. simplified argument thats easier to knock down | 35 | |
| 13917497799 | red herring | Partway through an argument, the arguer goes off on a tangent, raising a side issue that distracts the audience from what's really at stake. Often, the arguer never returns to the original issue. ex: Trump rants. | 36 | |
| 13917497801 | toulmin model | Because (evidence as support), therefore (claim), since (warrant or assumption), on account of (backing), unless (reservation). |  | 37 |
| 13917497802 | argument | A process of reasoned inquiry; a persuasive discourse resulting in a coherent and considered movement from a claim to a conclusion. | 38 | |
| 13917497803 | backing | In the Toulmin model, this part consists of further assurances or data without which the assumption lacks authority. | 39 | |
| 13917497804 | claim | Also called an assertion or a proposition, this literary device states the argument's main idea or position. It differs from a topic or subject in that it has to be arguable. | 40 | |
| 13917497805 | claim of fact | asserts that something is true or not true | 41 | |
| 13917497806 | claim of policy | proposes a change | 42 | |
| 13917497807 | claim of value | argues that something is good or bad, right or wrong | 43 | |
| 13917497809 | closed thesis | a statement of the main idea of the argument that also previews the major points the writer intends to make | 44 | |
| 13917497810 | deduction | a logical process whereby one reaches a conclusion by starting with a general principle or universal truth (a major premise) and applying it to a specific case (a minor premise) | 45 | |
| 13917497811 | first hand evidence | Evidence based on something the writer knows, whether it's from personal experience, observations, or general knowledge of events. | 46 | |
| 13917497812 | induction | From the Latin inducere, "to lead into"; a logical process whereby the writer reasons from particulars to universals, using specific cases in order to draw a conclusion, which is also called a generalization. | 47 | |
| 13917497813 | open thesis | one that does not list all the points the writer intends to cover in an essay | 48 | |
| 13917497815 | second hand evidence | Evidence that is accessed through research, reading, and investigation. It includes factual and historical information, expert opinion, and quantitative data. | 49 | |
| 13917497816 | refutation | a denial of the validity of an opposing argument. In order to sound reasonable, this literary technique often follows a concession that acknowledges that an opposing argument may be true or reasonable. | 50 | |
| 13917497817 | propaganda | the spread of ideas and information to further a cause. In its negative sense, this is the use of rumors, lies, disinformation, and scare tactics in order to damage or promote a cause. | 51 | |
| 13917497818 | counterargument | an opposing argument to the one a writer is putting forward. Rather than ignoring this, a strong writer will usually address it through the process of concession and refutation. | 52 | |
| 13917497819 | persona | greek for "mask." The face or character that a speaker shows to his or her audience | 53 | |
| 13917497821 | archiac diction | old-fashioned or outdated choice of words ex: beliefs for which our forebears fought | 54 | |
| 13917497822 | cumulative sentence | a sentence that completes the main idea at the beginning of the sentence and then builds and adds on | 55 | |
| 13917497823 | hortative sentence | sentence that exhorts, urges, entreats, implores, or calls to action. ex: let both sides explore what problems unite us instead of belaboring those problems which divide us | 56 | |
| 13917497824 | appeal to false authority | this fallacy occurs when someone who has no expertise to speak on an issue is cited as an authority. | 57 | |
| 13917497825 | introduction | introduces the reader to the subject under discussion | 58 | |
| 13917497826 | narration | provides factual information and background material on the subject at hand or establishes why the subject is a problem that needs addressing | 59 | |
| 13917497827 | confirmation | usually the major part of the text, this part includes the proof needed to make the writer's case | 60 | |
| 13917497828 | conclusion | brings the essay to a satisfying close | 61 | |
| 13917497829 | faulty analogy | a fallacy that occurs when an analogy compares two things that are not comparable. For instance, to argue that because we put animals who are in irreversible pain out of their misery, we should do the same for people. | 62 | |
| 13917497830 | quantitative evidence | includes things that can be measured, cited, counted, or otherwise represented in numbers. ex: statistics, surveys, polls, and census info | 63 | |
| 13917497831 | synthesis | involves considering various viewpoints in order to create a new and more informed viewpoint | 64 | |
| 13917497833 | False Dichotomy | Consists of a consideration of only the two extremes when there are one or more intermediate possibilities | 65 | |
| 13917497834 | Faulty Causality | refers to the setting up of a cause-and-effect relationship when none exists. In this type of fallacy, one event can happen after another without the first necessarily being the direct cause of the second. | 66 | |
| 13917497837 | dogmatism | does not allow for discussion because the speaker presumes that his or her beliefs are beyond questions; essentially, the "logic" runs thusly: I'm correct because I'm correct. | 67 | |
| 13917497838 | equivocation | telling part of the truth, while deliberately hiding the entire truth; typically, this is similar to lying by omission | 68 |
