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AP Enviormental (Chptr. 2) Flashcards

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432987810ScienceA process for producing knowledge methodically and logically
432987811ReproducibilityMaking an observation or obtaining a particular set result more than once
432987812ReplicationRepeating studies or tests to verify reliability
432987813Significant NumberMeaningful numbers whose accuracy can be verified
432987814Deductive ReasoningDeriving testable predictions about specific cases from general principles
432987815Inductive ReasoningInferring general principles from specific examples
432987816HypothesisA provisional explanation that can be tested scientifically
432987817Scientific TheoryAn explanation supported by many tests and accepted by a general consensus of scientists
432987818Natural ExperimentA study of events that have already happened
432987819Manipulative ExperimentOne in which some conditions are deliberately altered while others are held constant to study cause-and-effect relationships
432987820Controlled StudyThose in which comparisons are made between experimental and control populations that are identical except for the variable being studied
432987821Blind ExperimentThose in which those carrying out the experiment don't know until after data has been gathered and analyzed which was the experimental treatment and which was the control
432987822Double- Blind ExperimentOne in which neither the experimenters or the the subjects know until after the data has been gathered and analyzed which was the experimental treatment and which was the control
432987823Dependent VariableA variable that is affected by the condition being altered in a manipulative experiment
432987824Independent VariableA factor not affected by the condition being altered in a manipulative experiment
432987825ModelSimple representations of a more complex situation
432987826SystemsNetworks of interactions among many independent factors
432987827ThroughputA flow of energy and matter into, through, and out of a system
432987828Positive Feedback LoopA situation in which a factor or condition causes changes that further enhance that condition or factor
432987829Negative Feedback LoopA situation in which a factor or condition causes a change that reduce that factor or condition
432987830HomeostasisMaintaing a dynamic, steady state in a living system through opposing, compensating adjustments
432987831DisturbancesPeriodic, destructive events such as fires or floods: changes in an ecosystem that affects the organisms living there
432987832ResilienceThe ability of a community or ecosystem to recover from a disturbance
432987833State ShiftA permanent or long-lasting change
432987834Emergent PropertiesCharacteristics of whole, functioning systems that are quantitively or qualitatively greater than the sum of the systems' parts
432987835Scientific ConsensusA general agreement among informed scholars
432987836Paradigm ShiftsA model that provides a framework for interpreting observations

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