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| 591629879 | Top 3 Countries with the largest proven coal reserves | 1. United States 2. Russia 3. China | |
| 591629880 | High level Radioactive wastes | Radioactive solids, liquids, or gases that give off large amounts of ionizing radiation. Produced by nuclear power plants and nuclear weapons facilities. VERY DANGEROUS! | |
| 591629881 | Low level Radioactive wastes | Radioactive solids, liquids, or gases that give off small amounts of ionizing radiation. Produced by nuclear power plants, university research labs, nuclear medicine departments in hospitals, and industries. Include glass wear, tools, paper, clothing. | |
| 591629882 | The major source of energy for LDC's | Biomass | |
| 591629883 | main problem with abandoned coal mines | Streams were polluted with Acid Mine Drainage, produced when rainwater seeps thru iron sulfide minerals exposed in mine wastes. Dangerous landslides occurred on hills unstable from the lack of education. | |
| 591629884 | Harmful effects of Coal | accidents (in the 1900's 90,000 people die), Black lung disease, lung cancer | |
| 591629885 | Harmful effects of oil | Combustion causes increased nitrogen oxides (photochemical smog), and dust/particulate matter; Obtaining and distribution causes land disturbances and there are oil spills | |
| 591629886 | harmful effects of natural gas | very costly to transport (LNG) | |
| 591629887 | Cellular Respiration | process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen, C6H12O6 + O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy | |
| 591629888 | Photosynthesis | process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert water and carbon dioxide into oxygen and high-energy carbohydrates such as sugars and starches, light + 6CO2 + 12H20 --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H20 | |
| 591629889 | Cogeneration | an energy technology that involves recycling "waste" heat so that two useful forms of energy (electricity and either steam or hot water) are produced from the same fuel | |
| 591629890 | Conventional Nuclear Fission | A nuclear reaction in which certain elements are split into smaller atoms and subatomic particles, along with the release of a large amount of energy. | |
| 591629891 | The fuel used in conventional nuclear fission | U-235 | |
| 591629892 | Which energy source supplies the most commercial energy in the world? | Oil | |
| 591629893 | Nuclear Energy vs. Coal | Coal uses more land. More fuel is used to make coal. Nuclear energy has low levels of pollution. Coal has much less nuclear radiation. Coal has short term risks. Nuclear energy has long term risk over large land | |
| 591629894 | Pollution Control Devices | Scrubber are desulfurization systems. The chemicals in the scrubber make a precipitate (SOX/PM). Fluidized bed combustion makes coal burn at a lower temperature which reduces NOX and SOX. Electrostatic precipitators clean air like the vents at Brookstone | |
| 591629895 | The primary problem with nuclear energy | WASTE | |
| 591629896 | Major reservoirs of Nitrogen | In the air and ground | |
| 591629897 | Major Reservoirs of Sulfur | In rocks, and the air in oxides. | |
| 591629904 | Hydrolic Cycle | Condensation Precipitation Infiltration/Percolation Run off Transvaporation | |
| 591629905 | Condensation | change of water from its gaseous form (water vapor) into liquid water. Formation of clouds | |
| 591629906 | Precipitation | rain | |
| 591629907 | Infiltration/Percolation | water on the ground surface enters the soil | |
| 591629908 | Run off | water goes from land to lakes | |
| 591629909 | Transpiration | loss of water to atmosphere from plants | |
| 591629910 | Carbon Cycle Processes | Carbon is removed from environment by Photosynthesis. Goes back into the environment by cellular respiration | |
| 591629914 | Order of Nature (1 is general. 5 is specific) | 1.Species- individuals who are similar 2.Population- same species in area 3.Community- diff species in area 4.Habitat- organism, population and species 5.Ecosystem- diff species and abiotic, many habitats put together | |
| 591629925 | Kinetic energy | the energy an object has due to its motion | |
| 591629927 | Potential energy | stored energy when not in motion | |
| 591629929 | 1st Law of Thermodynamics | Law of conservation of energy- energy cannot be created or destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another | |
| 591629932 | 2nd law of Thermodynamics | entropy rules, When converting energy from one form to another, some of the useful energy lost | |
| 591629934 | Carbon Dioxide | gas that is a reactant of photosynthesis and a waste product of cellular respiration | |
| 591629935 | Carbon Monoxide | A colorless, odorless, and poisonous gas | |
| 591629936 | Methane | simplest form of natural gas | |
| 591629937 | Radon | A gas that arises from the earth where radioactive materials are present. | |
| 591629938 | Sulfur Dioxide | dangerous air pollutant emitted by the use of coal | |
| 591629939 | Steps of Nitrogen Cycle | 1. nitrogen fixation, 2. nitrification, 3. assimilation, 4. ammonification, 5. denitrification | |
| 591629940 | Nitrogen Fixation | Atmospheric nitrogen is turned into ammonia (NH3/NH4+). Fixed by Rhizobium in soil and cyanobacteria in water | |
| 591629941 | Nitrification | Ammonia is turned into nitrite (NO2-) then nitrate (NO3-) | |
| 591629942 | Assimilation | nitrate changes to plant and animal proteins. Plants need proteins to control internal reactions, repair tissue, metabolism, and cytoskeleton. Animals need it for muscle movement and hemoglobin | |
| 591629943 | Ammonification | plant and animal proteins are changed to ammonia (NH3/NH4+). | |
| 591629944 | Denitrification | Nitrate is turned into nitrogen | |
| 591629945 | Which 2 processes make ammonia? | Both nitrogen Fixation and ammonification | |
| 591629946 | Carrying Capacity | largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support | |
| 591629947 | The most abundant element in earth's crust and core | Oxygen in the crust, and iron in the core | |
| 591629948 | Which 2 cycles create acid rain? | Sulfur and Nitrogen cycle | |
| 591629949 | NEPA | Environmental Impact Statements must be done before any project affecting federal lands can be started | |
| 591629950 | Resource Conservation and Recovery act | controls hazardous waste with a cradle to grave system | |
| 591629951 | Endangered Species Act | identifies threatened and endangered species in the US, and puts their protection ahead of economic considerations | |
| 591629952 | Clean Water Act | set maximum permissible amounts of water pollutants that can be discharged into waterways..aim to make surface waters swimmable and fishable | |
| 591629953 | Safe Drinking Water Act | set maximum contaminant levels for pollutants that may have adverse effects on human health | |
| 591629954 | Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act | requires coal strip mines to reclaim the land | |
| 591629955 | Toxic Substance Control Act | Tracks Industrial chemicals Produced and imported into the US | |
| 591629956 | Comprehensive Environmental Response Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA) | Superfund, designed to identify and clean up abandoned hazardous waste dump sites | |
| 591629957 | nuclear power plant parts | Control rod, containment building, reactor vessel, reactor core, steam generator, heat exchanger, condenser, steam turbine, electric generator, cooling tower. | |
| 591761903 | Three zones of a lake | Littoral (shallow zone), Limnetic (open water), Profundal (bottom of lake) | |
| 591761904 | Cycle that does not have an atmospheric stage | Phosphorus cycle | |
| 591761905 | The most abundant gas in the earth's atmosphere | Nitrogen | |
| 591761907 | The two main processes involved in the carbon cycle | Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration | |
| 591761908 | Evolution | The cumulative genetic changes in populations that occur during successive generations. Evolution explains the origin of all the organisms today or have ever existed. | |
| 591761909 | Regions on earth that contain the greatest area of rainforest | Central and South America, Africa, and Southeast Asia | |
| 591761910 | Species richness | Biological diversity that encompasses the number of species in an area. | |
| 591761911 | Primary Productivity | The rate at which energy is accumulated. Stability: When the food chain is not disrupted and everyone plays their parts, stability is achieved. | |
| 591761912 | Different tropic levels and the organisms that occupy each | Producers (autotrophs), Primary consumers (herbivores), Secondary Consumers (People that eat primary consumers), Tertiary Consumers (People that eat the secondary consumers) | |
| 591761913 | invasive species & the zebra mussel | An invasive species is a foreign species that has either been brought in or found its way to a foreign part of the world were it could have a positive or negative effect. The zebra mussel was brought in by accident from boats in the great lakes and spread all around the great lakes. It is harmful to other creatures. | |
| 591761914 | World & US populations | World: 7 Billion. U.S.: 300 Million | |
| 591761915 | The different stages of the demographic transition model and countries that fall into each stage | 1st stage has high birth and death rates, pre-industrial stage. 2nd stage has declining death rates with high birth rates, population raises, transitional. 3rd stage has low death rates with lower birth rates, industrial stage. 4th stage has low birth and death rates, zero population growth, postindustrial stage. | |
| 591761916 | Calculate doubling time & growth rate | To calculate growth rate subtract the death rate from the birth rate. To find the doubling time divide 70 by the growth rate. | |
| 591761917 | Major contributors to our increasing human population | Major population increasing contributors include the lack of family planning, male children to take care of you, status, and the status of women. | |
| 591761918 | Total fertility rate | TFR is the average number of children born for women. | |
| 591761919 | Replacement level fertility | Replacement level fertility is the average number of children a couple must produce to replace themselves; the number is greater than 2 because some children die before reaching reproductive age. | |
| 591761920 | K Selected Species | Small broods, late maturity, slow growth rate, high parental care, long life span, and a large body size. | |
| 591761921 | R Selected Species | Large broods, early maturity, high growth rate, little/no parental care, short life span, small body size. | |
| 591761922 | Negative Feedback | Negative feedback is when a change in some condition triggers a response that counteracts, or reverses, the changed condition. | |
| 591761923 | Positive Feedback | Positive feedback is when the habitat intensifies it surroundings. | |
| 591761924 | Side effects of noise pollution | Side affects of noise pollution include: physiological or psychological harm, hearing loss, increased heart rate, dilated pupils, and muscle contraction. | |
| 591761925 | Problems associated with acid deposition | Acid rain occurs which can be harmful to humans and environments. It can acidify lakes and streams and contaminate water. It is also linked to forest decline. | |
| 591761926 | Causes of eutrophication | Over-enrichment of a water body with nutrients, resulting in excessive growth of organisms and depletion of oxygen concentration | |
| 591761927 | Soil in a Tropical Rain Forest | The soil is very nutrient poor | |
| 591761928 | Areas Associated with Volcanism | Areas in which plate tectonics slide under or away from an adjacent plate, and magma rises to the surface. Such as Hawaii and Indonesia. | |
| 591761929 | Cause of Earths Seasons | The primary causes of earths seasons is earth's inclination on its axis. During half the day, the northern hemisphere tilts towards the sun, and the other half it tilts towards the southern hemisphere. | |
| 591761930 | Synergistic | A synergistic reaction is when a chemical mixture has a greater combined effect than expected. | |
| 591761931 | Antagonistic | Antagonistic means that the result of a chemical mixture is smaller than expected. | |
| 591761932 | Economic Benefits of Dams | It can act as a reservoir and a source of energy which can save people more money. | |
| 591761933 | Layers of the Earth | Inner core, outer core, lower mantle, upper mantle, asthenosphere, and the lithosphere. | |
| 591761934 | Coriolis Effect | The Coriolis Effect is the influence of Earth's rotation, which tends to turn fluids toward the right in the Northern Hemisphere and toward the left in the Southern Hemisphere. The effects about how the earth is rotated. | |
| 591761935 | Layers of the Atmosphere | Troposphere, Stratosphere, Mesosphere, and the Thermosphere. | |
| 591761936 | Mutualism | A symbiotic relationship that benefits both partners. (+,+) | |
| 591761937 | Commensalism | A symbiotic relationship in which one organism benefits and the other one is neither harmed nor helped (+,o) | |
| 591761938 | Predation | The consumption of one species by another. | |
| 591761939 | Competition | The interaction among organisms that vie for the same resources in an ecosystem. |
