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AP Environmental Science: Nuclear Flashcards

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9670452603Isotopetwo atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons0
9670452604Radioactive isotopeAn atom with too many protons or neutrons that spontaneously emits particles from its nucleus1
9670452605Alpha particlesType of radioactive decay, is a helium nuclei, stopped by skin2
9670452606Beta particlesType of radioactive decay, electrons stopped by clothing, glass, or aluminum3
9670452607Gamma raysType of radioactive decay, the most harmful type of energy, electromagnetic radiation that can go through the body, several centimeters of lead or a meter of concrete4
9670452608Absorbed DoseThe amount of energy absorbed by a person (measured in grays)5
9670452609Half-lifeTime it takes for half of a radioactive substance to decay6
9670452610Hot isotopeHas a short half-life, is an immediate/serious threat, and decays into a stable element sooner7
9670452611Cold isotopeHas a long half-life, is a non-immediate threat, and has a long term storage problem8
9670452612How radiation creates free radicalsIonizing radiation damages cells by stealing electrons from their atoms which creates free radicals-turns them into ions9
9670452613Three ways radiation exposure effects human healthMassive cell death, genetic mutations, cancers10
9670452614Radiation risk assessmentThe type of energy, how long the half-life is, the phase or state it is in, and its daughter isotopes11
9670452615the worst phase or state of radioactive energyGas12
9670452616the worst daughter isotopesradioactive13
9670452617FissionSplitting an atom with a neutron14
9670452618Names of radioactive isotopes that can be splitU-235 and Pu-23915
9670452619radioactive isotope that cannot be splitU-23816
9670452620How is fission in a nuclear bomb different than fission in a nuclear power plant?In a bomb, the chain reaction is not controlled17
9670452621Boiling water reactorIn this reactor, the same loop serves as a moderator, coolant for the core, and a steam source for the turbine. Has 1 loop18
9670452622Pressurized water reactorIn this reactor, the water which flows through the reactor core is isolated from the turbine. Has 2 loops19
9670452623Liquid metal fast breeder reactorIn this reactor, a fission reaction occurs that produces heat to run a turbine while at the same time breeding plutonium for the reaction. Has 3 loops20
9670452624Nuclear Fuel CycleMining and Milling, Conversion, Enrichment, Fuel Fabrication, Nuclear Power Station, Storage, Reprocessing, Vitrification, Final Disposal21
9670452625Why is nuclear power neither cheap nor fossil free?Processing ore into concentrated fuel uses huge amounts of FFs. Processing/transport/long term storage also uses FFs and is dangerous and expensive. The governments around the planet have also spent billions on nuclear clean up.22
9670452626Thermal pollutionheating of water reduces O2 levels in lakes, rivers, and the ocean23
9670452627Three Mile IslandThis nuclear accident was a partial meltdown and vented waste into the air. Happened in Harrisburg, PA ,1979.24
9670452628ChernobylIn this nuclear accident the reactor blew up and resulted in a full meltdown.25
9670452629Chernobyl Exclusion ZoneThe 1000 square miles in Ukraine around the nuclear reactor that no one is allowed to live within.26
9670452630Fukushima DaiichiThis nuclear accident was a partial meltdown with a massive release of fallout and contaminated seawater.27
9670452631decommissioningThe process of dismantling and burying nuclear power plants. Although, Nuclear power plants last 20-30 years and are highly radioactive at the end of their lives and before they can be decommissioned you have to wait 100 years. This is costly for future generations.28
9670452632High level waste and locationFuel rods are this and are supposed to be stored in Yucca Mountain.29
9670452633Low level waste and locationGloves count as this kind of waste and they are located in Washington, South Carolina, and Nevada30
9670452634Yucca MountainThe mountain that the government wants to store high level nuclear waste in, but it has not been completed because Nevada does not want it in their "backyard".31
9670452635FusionNuclear reaction in which two or more atomic nuclei collide at a very high speed to form a new type of atomic nucleus. The same process as in stars.32

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