Terms : Hide Images
| 8429804569 | transform boundaries | Occur where plates slide PAST each other. |  | 0 |
| 8429804571 | divergent boundaries | Occur where two plates slide APART from each other with the space that was created being filled with molten magma from below. |  | 1 |
| 8429804583 | What do volcano eruptions do to our atmosphere? | -Release CO2, SO2, HCl -debris and particulates can block sunlight, making a cooler climate | 2 | |
| 8429804585 | O Horizon | Surface litter: leaves and partially decomposed organic debris. Thick in deciduous forests, thin in the tundra. |  | 3 |
| 8429804587 | E Horizon | Zone of leaching: dissolved and suspended materials move downward. In-between A and B horizon. | | 4 |
| 8429804589 | C Horizon | Weathered parent material: partially broken-down inorganic minerals |  | 5 |
| 8429804590 | parent material | The rock and minerals from which the soil derives. Nature of parent rock can be native to the area or transported by wind, water, glaciers, etc. | 6 | |
| 8429804592 | gravel | -coarse particles -consists of rock fragments |  | 7 |
| 8429804593 | loam | -about equal mixtures of clay, sand, silt, and humus -rich in nutrients -holds water but does not become waterlogged |  | 8 |
| 8429804595 | silt | -sedimentary material consisting of very fine particles between the size of sand and clay -easily transported by water | | 9 |
| 8429804601 | problems of salinization | stunted crop growth; lower yield; eventual destruction of plant life | 10 | |
| 8429804604 | problems of desertification | loss of native vegetation; increased wind erosion; salinization; drop in water table; reduced surface water supply | 11 | |
| 8429804629 | Relationship between cold and hot air | Cold air is more dense, hot air is less dense and more spread out | 12 | |
| 8429804631 | specific heat | is the amount of heat per unit mass required to raise the temperature by one degree Celsius (water has a high specific heat) | 13 | |
| 8429804635 | Rain shadow (orographic) effect | the loss of moisture from the landscape and the resulting semiarid or arid conditions on the leeward side of high mountains -Windward= lush, green, clouds, precipitation, ocean...leedward= deserts, sinking air, dry |  | 14 |
| 8429804636 | Coriolis Effect | an effect whereby a mass moving in a rotating system experiences a force (the Coriolis force) acting perpendicular to the direction of motion and to the axis of rotation. |  | 15 |
| 8429804637 | El Niño and La Niña (Southern Oscillation (ENSO)) | large-scale weather phenomenon occurs every few years when prevailing winds in the tropical Pacific Ocean weaken and change direction o Above-average warming of Pacific waters affects populations of marine species by changing the distribution of plant nutrients, hurting fishing industry o Low nutrients, low dissolved oxygen (in South America, but in Australia during La Niña) o Severe flooding, storms, drought, mudslides, $ damage, human health hazards (dehydration, diarrhea, zoonotic diseases [lyme, Hanta]) |  | 16 |
| 8429804653 | oligotrophic lakes | lakes that have a small supply of plant nutrients e.g. glaciers, mountains, lakes | 17 | |
| 8429804662 | limiting factors that determine where a species will live: | • temperature • dissolved oxygen content • availability of food • availability of light and nutrients for photosynthesis | 18 | |
| 8429804665 | turbidity | when the water is clouded by excessive algal growth or natural/human disturbances like waves, wind, currents, boats, tides, storms, etc. • can prevent sunlight from penetrating the water for photosynthetic plants • can clog fish kills • can prevent fish/organisms from properly hunting prey | 19 | |
| 8429804692 | aquifers | • underground caverns and porous layers of sand, gravel, or bedrock through which groundwater flows • most aquifers recharge extremely slowly because urban development prevents water from easily penetrating the ground |  | 20 |
| 8429804693 | confined aquifers | is bounded above and below by less permeable beds of rock, and its water is confined under pressure | | 21 |
| 8429804694 | unconfined aquifers | is an aquifer with a permeable water table | | 22 |
| 8429804700 | saltwater intrusion | movement of saltwater into an aquifer, which may cause contamination | 23 | |
| 8429804712 | sinkholes | large craters that form when the roof of an underground cavern collapses after being drained of the groundwater that supports it | 24 | |
| 8429804722 | flood irrigation | water is distributed over the soil surface by gravity; the most common form of irrigation and most inefficient; loses 40% of water |  | 25 |
| 8429804725 | drip or trickle irrigation (micro irrigation) | method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone, through a network of valves, pipes, tubing, and emitters; MOST efficient method because least evaporation; 90-95% of water reaches the crops |  | 26 |
| 8429804751 | keystone species | have a large effect on the types and abundance of other species in an ecosystem (e.g. shark, bumblebee, sea otters in kelp forests) |  | 27 |
| 8429804753 | biomass | the amount of living material, or the amount of organic material contained in living organisms, both as live and dead material, as in the leaves (live) and stem wood (dead) of trees | 28 | |
| 8429804757 | early successional species/pioneer species | species that occur only or primarily during early stages of succession. With vegetation, these are typically rapidly growing and short-lived with high reproductive rates. | 29 | |
| 8429804759 | late successional species | species that occur only or primarily in, or are dominant in late stages in succession. With plants, these are typically slower growing and long-lived species. | 30 | |
| 8429804763 | competitive exclusion principle | no two species can occupy exactly the same ecological niche for very long (e.g. cheetahs and lions) | 31 | |
| 8429804767 | resource partitioning | occurs when species competing for similar scarce resources evolve specialized traits that allow them to use shared resources at different times, in different ways, or in different places | 32 | |
| 8429804770 | biotic potential | • is the maximum reproductive capacity of a population if resources are unlimited • Large animals (e.g. elephants), low potential • small animals (e.g. bacteria), high potential | 33 | |
| 8429804771 | Intrinsic rate of increase (r) | • rate at which a population would grow if it had unlimited resources • High rate= reproduces early, short generation times, reproduces many times, many offspring | 34 | |
| 8429804773 | carrying capacity (K) | maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely without being degraded |  | 35 |
| 8429804781 | density-dependent factors: | infectious disease, parasitism, predation, competition | 36 | |
| 8429804782 | density-independent factors: | habitat destruction, pollution, temperature change | 37 | |
| 8429804784 | commensalism | +, / relationship in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm |  | 38 |
| 8429804789 | habitat fragmentation | is when large areas of habitat are divided typically by roads, crop fields or projects; blocks animals migration routes; animals are more vulnerable to die because of the small, enclosed space | 39 | |
| 8429804798 | CITES | (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) an international treaty banning the hunting and trade of endangered species; Created a list of animals in which countries who sign are forced to protect them | 40 | |
| 8429804799 | Endangered Species Act 1973 | designed to identify and protect endangered species in the United States; most far-reaching environmental act ever | 41 |
