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| 9849678105 | Factors that affect the amount of solar energy at the surface of the Earth: | -Earth's rotation (once every 24 hours) -tilt of Earth's axis (23.5 degrees) -revolution around the sun (once per year) |  | 0 |
| 9849678106 | What is most harmful human activity? | Habitat destruction has a greater harmful environmental impact than any other human activity | 1 | |
| 9849678107 | Nitrogen (N2) | Fundamental nutrient for living organisms. Used for protein. Reactions involving lightning. Uses Bacteria during cycling. | 2 | |
| 9849678108 | Oxygen (O2) | Molecules are produced through photosynthesis and are utilized (used) in cellular respiration. | 3 | |
| 9849678109 | Water vapor (H2O) | Largest amounts occur near equator, over oceans, and in tropical regions. -most common natural greenhouse gas. | 4 | |
| 9849678110 | Carbon dioxide (CO2) | Produced during cellular respiration. It is a major greenhouse gas that has increased due to the burning of fossil fuels and deforestation. | 5 | |
| 9849678111 | Methane (CH4) | Contributes to the greenhouse effect. Increase due to landfills, fossil fuels, grazing animals, etc.. | 6 | |
| 9849678112 | troposphere | -layer of atmosphere closest to the ground. - temperature decreases with altitude -weather occurs in this zone |  | 7 |
| 9849678113 | stratosphere | -temperature increases with altitude due to absorption of heat by ozone -contains the ozone layer | | 8 |
| 9849678114 | climate | is an area's GENERAL pattern of atmospheric of weather conditions measured over long periods of time ranging from decades to thousands of years | 9 | |
| 9849678115 | radiation | Method by which Earth receives solar energy. | 10 | |
| 9849678116 | albedo | Is the reflectivity or reflecting power of a surface |  | 11 |
| 9849678117 | Rain shadow effect | the loss of moisture from the landscape and the resulting semiarid or arid conditions on the leeward side of high mountains -Windward= lush, green, clouds, precipitation, ocean...leedward= deserts, sinking air, dry |  | 12 |
| 9849678118 | Coriolis Effect | the effect of the Earth's rotation on the direction of winds and currents |  | 13 |
| 9849678119 | El Niño and La Niña (Southern Oscillation (ENSO)) | large-scale weather phenomenon occurs every few years when prevailing winds in the tropical Pacific Ocean weaken and change direction o Above-average warming of Pacific waters affects populations of marine species by changing the distribution of plant nutrients, hurting fishing industry o Low nutrients, low dissolved oxygen o Severe flooding, storms, drought, mudslides, $ damage, human health hazards |  | 14 |
| 9849678120 | extinction | occurs whenever a species of animal or plant life is permanently lost | 15 | |
| 9849678121 | biodiversity | is the variety of the earth's species, the genes they contain, the ecosystems in which they live, and the ecosystem processes that sustain all life | 16 | |
| 9849678122 | ecology | the study of how organisms interact with their living (biotic) environment | 17 | |
| 9849678123 | evolution | the process whereby earth's life changes over time | 18 | |
| 9849678124 | natural selection | occurs when some individuals of a population have genetically based traits that enhance their ability to survive and reproduce | 19 | |
| 9849678125 | speciation | the evolution of a new species | 20 | |
| 9849678126 | species diversity | the number of different species a community contains (species richness) combined with the relative abundance of individuals within each of those species (species evenness) | 21 | |
| 9849678127 | indicator species | species that provide early warnings of damage to a community or an ecosystem (e.g. amphibians [because their breath through skin]) |  | 22 |
| 9849678128 | keystone species | have a large effect on the types and abundance of other species in an ecosystem (e.g. shark, bumblebee, sea otters in kelp forests) |  | 23 |
| 9849678129 | biomass | the amount of living material, or the amount of organic material contained in living organisms, both as live and dead material, as in the leaves (live) and stem wood (dead) of trees | 24 | |
| 9849678130 | ecological succession | the process of the development of an ecological community or ecosystem, usually viewed as a series of stages: early, middle, late, mature (or climax), and sometimes post-climax |  | 25 |
| 9849678131 | primary succession | the gradual establishment of communities in an area that has NO soil or sediment | 26 | |
| 9849678132 | secondary succession | a series of communities or ecosystems with different species that evolve where there's soil | 27 | |
| 9849678133 | island biogeography | • proposes that the number of species found on an undisturbed island is determined by immigration and extinction • Distance from mainland: closer island, higher immigration • Size: smaller ones have fewer species than large ones and smaller target for immigration...higher extinction because less resources and diversity |  | 28 |
| 9849678134 | predation | occurs when a member of one species feeds directly on all or part of a member of another species |  | 29 |
| 9849678135 | Techniques to avoid predation: | camouflage, chemical warfare, warning coloration, mimicry |  | 30 |
| 9849678136 | population dynamics | the study of how characteristics (distribution, numbers, age, structure, density) of populations change in response to change in environmental conditions (temperature, resource availability, presence of diseases) | 31 | |
| 9849678137 | biotic potential | • is the maximum reproductive capacity of a population if resources are unlimited • Large animals (e.g. elephants), low potential • small animals (e.g. bacteria), high potential | 32 | |
| 9849678138 | environmental resistance | the combination of all factors that act to limit the growth of a population (e.g. of limiting factors: light, water, space, nutrients, amount of water) | 33 | |
| 9849678139 | carrying capacity (K) | maximum population of a given species that a particular habitat can sustain indefinitely |  | 34 |
| 9849678140 | exponential growth (J curve) | • growth that increases at a constant rate per unit of time • starts slowly, but accelerates as population increases |  | 35 |
| 9849678141 | logistic growth (S curve) | rapid population growth, followed by a steady decrease in population growth until the population size levels off | | 36 |
| 9849678142 | inbreeding | occurs when individuals in a small population mate with one another | 37 | |
| 9849678143 | density-dependent factors: | infectious disease, parasitism, predation, competition | 38 | |
| 9849678144 | density-independent factors: | habitat destruction, pollution, temperature change | 39 | |
| 9849678145 | r selected species: | Produces many offspring, life expectancy is short |  | 40 |
| 9849678146 | commensalism | +, / relationship in which one benefits and the other neither benefits nor is harmed |  | 41 |
| 9849678147 | mutualism | +, + symbiosis that is beneficial to both organisms involved |  | 42 |
| 9849678148 | parasitism | +, - relationship between organisms where one organism benefits at the expense of the host |  | 43 |
| 9849678149 | habitat fragmentation | is when large areas are divided typically by roads, crop fields or projects; blocks animals migration routes; animals are more vulnerable to die because of the small, enclosed space | 44 | |
| 9849678150 | extinction | occurs whenever a species of animal or plant life is permanently lost | 45 | |
| 9849678151 | intrinsic value | value of an organism, species, ecosystem, or the earth's biodiversity based on its existence, regardless of whether it has any usefulness to humans | 46 | |
| 9849678152 | instrumental value (or extrinsic value) | is the value of objects, not as ends-in-themselves, but as means of achieving something else | 47 | |
| 9849678153 | CITES | (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species) an international treaty banning the hunting and trade of endangered species; Created a list of animals in which countries who sign are forced to protect them | 48 | |
| 9849678154 | HIPPCO | Habitat destruction, Invasive Species, Population growth, Pollution, Climate Change, Overexploitations *habitat destruction is #1 threat to animals | 49 | |
| 9849678155 | deforestation | is the temporary or permanent removal of large expanses of forest for agriculture, settlements, or other uses |  | 50 |
| 9849678156 | overgrazing | occurs when too many animals graze for too long and exceed the carrying capacity of range-land area; it reduces grass cover, exposes the soil to erosion by water and wind, and compacts the soil |  | 51 |
| 9849678157 | habitat corridors | establishing protected habitat corridors between isolated reserves helps to support more species and allows migration |  | 52 |
| 9849678158 | ecological restoration | the process of repairing damage caused by humans to the biodiversity and dynamics of natural ecosystems | 53 | |
| 9849678159 | biomes | are a major regional or global biotic community characterized by the dominant forms of plants life and the climate |  | 54 |
| 9849678160 | Antarctic | -area surrounding south pole -rainfall <2 inches per year |  | 55 |
| 9849678161 | Coral Reefs | -warm, clear, shallow ocean habitats near land and in the tropics -very sensitive to environmental changes |  | 56 |
| 9849678162 | Environment | Essentially the sum of our surroundings | 57 | |
| 9849678163 | Renewable resources | Always present, can be replenished | 58 | |
| 9849678164 | non renewable resources | take a very long time to renew or can not be replenished | 59 | |
| 9849678165 | tragedy of the commons | unregulated use of resources leads to resource depletion | 60 | |
| 9849678166 | ecological footprint | impact a person or population makes on the environment | 61 | |
| 9849678167 | Rule of 70 | Way to estimate the number of years it takes for a population to double. | 62 | |
| 9849678168 | demography | the study of the human population | 63 | |
| 9849678169 | population density | # of people in a given area | 64 | |
| 9849678170 | immigration | population moving into an area | 65 | |
| 9849678171 | negative feedback loop | a feedback loop in which a system responds to change by returning to its original state, or by decreasing the rate at which the change is occurring | 66 | |
| 9849678172 | Positive feedback loop | a feedback loop in which change in a system is amplified | 67 | |
| 9849678173 | second law of thermodynamics | law stating that when energy is transformed, the quantity of energy remains the same, but its ability to do work is diminished. | 68 | |
| 9849678174 | first law of thermodynamics | a law of nature stating that energy can neither be created nor destroyed | 69 | |
| 9849678175 | photosynthesis | the process by which producers use solar energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose | 70 | |
| 9849678176 | cellular respiration | the process by which cells unlock the energy of chemical compounds | 71 | |
| 9849678177 | trophic pyramid | representation of the distribution of biomass, or energy among trophic levels | 72 | |
| 9849678178 | Net Primary Productivity (NPP) | The energy captured by producers in an ecosystem minus the energy producers respire. | 73 | |
| 9849678179 | thermohaline circulation | movement of ocean water caused by density difference brought about by variations in temperature and salinity. As ocean water freezes at the poles it concentrates salt, and the colder, denser water sinks. | 74 | |
| 9849678180 | k selected species | few offspring, long life | 75 |
