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| 84557977 | feudalism | a lord grants a feif to a vassal (ex - knight) in exchange for protection (physical or political) There was no government or laws, it was a system of agreements and political relationships | |
| 84557978 | manorialism | a lord protects peasants/serfs in exchange for something (payment/crops/labor) [social relationship] | |
| 84557979 | manor | a plot of land with peasants/ serfs working on it | |
| 84557980 | burgher | merchants and artisans --> wealthy townspeople who created guilds to regulate trade | |
| 84557981 | church | this is undermined after the black death and the question about suffering and dying | |
| 84557982 | peasants | serfs were replaced with ________ after the black death because there was a greater demand for workers, so better deals were offered and the serfs were freed from their lord's land | |
| 84557983 | decreased | price of food ______ after the black death | |
| 84557984 | centralize | after the 100 years' war, power began to _____ due to the necessary politics and infrastructure required to support a war | |
| 84557985 | patriotism | after the 100 years' war, people began to feel_____ toward France or England and began to realize who belongs in France/England | |
| 84557986 | North | after the 100 years' war England stops trying to control the continent and focuses it's attention ________ | |
| 84557987 | military | after the 100 years' war the _______ was affected because of the invention of the long bow --> knights became less valuable which forms tension between the nobles and the king | |
| 84557988 | Avignon unam sanctum | the pope moved the papacy to ________ after the king began to try and extend power after the previous chaos in the middle ages and Pope Boniface says no through the ___________ but then he soon dies and is replaced by a French pope who is afraid of the french king | |
| 84557989 | Great schism | in the 1400s a new pope was elected for rome but the french bishops elect a french pope afterwards and neither would step down | |
| 84557990 | conciliar movement | the church council tried to elect a third pope but the council of constance convinced all 3 popes to step down and then a new pope was elected | |
| 84557991 | Wycliff | this man lead the Lollards and proposed that salvation required no church at all | |
| 84557992 | Huss | this man led the hussites, he followed Wycliff and demanded church reforms. he was viewed as a threat and executed at the council of constance | |
| 84557993 | Gerard groote | One of the mystics that emphasized importance of individual relationship with god and individual sacraments to help one connect with god. He was also the leader of brothers of the common life and said that to live the philosophy of Christ one doesn't need to become a priest or join the clergy | |
| 84557994 | mysticism | an individual can experience God themselves | |
| 84557995 | Individualism | the individual person can accomplish great things, learn, and stand out (the "renaissance man" knows how to behave/act) | |
| 84557996 | Secularism | non-religious conception of life (after the M.A.s where the ideal life was close to God, and the concern was reaching the afterlife, now merchants wanted to spend money to enjoy life now) | |
| 84557997 | Florence | "The Athens of the renaissance" - small city state with geniuses (many great people came out of here) | |
| 84557998 | city states | small self-governing towns in italy that excelled in the merchant industries and cultural expansion | |
| 84557999 | Indulgences | the merchant class was making a ton of money, so they wanted to spend their money on ________ | |
| 84558000 | humanism | greco-Roman inspired focus on learning about human thoughts/feelings/ideas/emotions (expressed in literature/the arts) | |
| 84558001 | petrarch | the founder of humanism who was focused on looking back at actual/old/original sources (new focus on history -- trying to verify it) | |
| 84558002 | civic humanism | a branch of humanism (includes how one should act --> humans should have a specific role in society providing knowledge to contribute to society) | |
| 84558003 | Dante | wrote divine comedy in italian | |
| 84558004 | condottieri | warrior class in italy (vassals of princes) noble titles and need to be gentlemen according to Castiglione | |
| 84558005 | medici family | dominating family in Florence -- wealthy/ promoter of trade/ major patrons of the arts | |
| 84558006 | Lorenzo Medici | great ruler of florence (cultural expansion under him) | |
| 84558007 | Pico della Mirandola | wrote the oration on the dignity of man which said that men control their destiny | |
| 84558008 | artist | Giotto was a(n)____ in the renaissance | |
| 84558009 | vanishing point | Masaccio was an artist in the renaissance who created the _____ idea in paintings | |
| 84558010 | artist | Bellini was a(n) __________ in the renaissance | |
| 84558011 | artist | Filipo Lippi was a(n) _________ in the renaissance | |
| 84558012 | artist | Boticelli was a(n) ________ in the renaissance | |
| 84558013 | artist | Da Vinci was a(n) __________ in the renaissance | |
| 84558014 | artist | Raphael was a(n) ________ in the renaissance | |
| 84558015 | artist/sculptor | michaelangelo was a(n) ________ in the renaissance | |
| 84558016 | sculptor | Donatello was a(n) ________ in the renaissance | |
| 84558017 | architect | Brunelleschi was a(n) ________ in the renaissance who built the cathedral Duomo (looks back at the greek and romans | |
| 84558018 | Christine de pisan | a renaissance female humanist who was educated and became a writer and spread humanist ideas to france | |
| 84558019 | popes | in the renaissance, ________ were patrons of the arts (big spenders --> built new cathedrals and bought art --> not as focused on the church) | |
| 84558020 | 1527 | Rome was sacked by the Spanish in _______ which ended the renaissance | |
| 84558021 | monarchs | the rise of new __________ trumps the rise of cultures because while italy was becoming culturally enriched other countries were becoming centralized and stronger | |
| 84558022 | Tudors | this family restored order in England while people were competing for influence (expanded the empire with Henry VII by marriage | |
| 84558023 | valois Louis XI | in this french _________ dynasty, ________ expands power (increases army, raises taxes, increases france's size, gets the power to appoint bishops to france | |
| 84558024 | concordat of bologna | this granted louis XI power to appoint bishops which represents monarchs making more demands after the breakdown of feudalism | |
| 84558025 | Isabella and ferdinand | in 1469____________ get married and Castille and Aragon get married and unify the nations by christianity (religiously intolerant) | |
| 84558026 | reconquista | attempt of isabella and ferdinand to drive out muslims from spain | |
| 84558027 | Habsburgs | council of 9 princes elect the first emperor of Austria and the ____________ family was elected into office in 1452 and stayed in office until the 1800s | |
| 84558028 | Gutenberg | this man created the printing press | |
| 84558029 | printing press | ___________ made it easier to print things which allowed more to be printed which lowered the price and made it more accessible --> cause major intellectual changes (in religion and science) | |
| 84558030 | christian humanism | a branch of humanism that looks at humans and spiritual concepts (looks at greeks/romans/early church fathers --> learning hebrew/ greek/ latin to read christian works in dialects/ language written in) | |
| 84558031 | Erasmus of Rotterdam | prince of the humanists -- leading intellectual so he had an influence because he was being read/ listened to (defends pagan rituals/ advocates reforms/ criticized illiterate clergy --> education will solve this - advocates tolerance/ reasonableness/ restraint/ reason | |
| 84558032 | philosophia christi | Erasmus's idea that responsibility to learn philosophy of Christ's ideas by leading sources (humanity/giving/putting others first) | |
| 84558033 | Portuguese | this country sort of led the way for the discovery of new lands by opening up the atlantic | |
| 84558034 | Dias | Portuguese sailor - first to reach the bottom of Africa --> power of europeans to travel atlantic | |
| 84558035 | De Gama | White man in India (people who dominated Arab trade = killed by him) he created small ports for trade around Indian ocean | |
| 84558036 | Magellan | spanish sailor who circum navigated the world (killed in the Philippines) | |
| 84558037 | Cortes | conquered the Aztecs | |
| 84558038 | Pizarro | conquered the Incans | |
| 84558039 | conquistadores | conquerers/ their handmen | |
| 84558040 | hacienda | large estates (manors) in the new world (large farms controlled by spanish noblemen who controls NA slaves on it | |
| 84558041 | creoles | mixture of spanish and NA in the new world | |
| 84558042 | encomienda | the obligation of an individual to work for nobles in the new world (kind of like feudalism) |
