Mrs. Alessandria's 1st semester final review.
Terms : Hide Images
| 16496160 | 100 Year's War | (1337-1453) Large war between France and England that was fueled by territorial disagreements and started when Edward III declared himself king of France. In the end, it weakened both countries for some time | |
| 16496161 | Joan of Arc | French heroine and military leader inspired by religious visions to organize French resistance to the English and to have Charles VII crowned king | |
| 16496162 | Avignon Papacy | the period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome | |
| 16496163 | Babylonian Captivity | The nickname for the transport of the church to Avignon in reference to the deportation of the Jews in the Old Testament | |
| 16496164 | Gothic Art | A dark period of art during the Middle Ages that was scorned by Renaissance contemporaries | |
| 16575164 | Italian City-states | Venice, Milan, Florence, Papal States, Naples | |
| 16575165 | Communes | They were sworn associations of free men seeking complete political and economic independence from local nobles. | |
| 16575166 | Popolo | italian underclass; a new force that disenfranchised and heavily taxed the people bitterly for being excluded from holding power. They used armed force and violence to take over the government. (p.416-417) | |
| 16575167 | despots | Absolute and irresponsible monarchs. | |
| 16575168 | Oligarchy | a political system governed by a few privileged people | |
| 16575169 | Signori | despots who controlled much of Italy by 1300. | |
| 16575170 | ciompi | poor, propertyless workers who revolted in Florence in 1378. | |
| 16575171 | Medici Family | Dominating family of Florence,acquired wealth through banking. Spent lots of money on art. | |
| 16575172 | Girolamo Savonarola | a Dominican friar in Florence who preached against sin and corruption and gained a large following; he expelled the Medici from Florence but was later excommunicated and executed for criticizing the Pope; wanted to overthrow the Medici Dynasty | |
| 16575173 | Individualism | Concern for the capability and uniqueness of the individual personality | |
| 16575174 | Leon Battista Alberti | "Men can do all things if they will." idea of the universal man. | |
| 16575175 | Humanism | an intellectual movement that drove the Renaissance | |
| 16575176 | Leonardo Bruni | wrote "New Cicero" which has the idea that humanists believe that their studies of humanism should be put to the service of the state. | |
| 16575177 | Pico della Mirandola | philosopher who wrote On the Dignity of Man | |
| 16575178 | Secularism | a doctrine that rejects religion and religious considerations | |
| 16575179 | Lorenzo Valla | On Pleasure, and On the False Donation of Constantine, which challenged the authority of the papacy. Father of modern historical criticism. | |
| 16575180 | Vernacular | the everyday speech of the people (as distinguished from literary language) | |
| 16575181 | Petrarch | "Father of Humanism." studied classical Greek and Latin. introduced emotion in "Sonnets to Laura" | |
| 16575182 | Boccaccio | He wrote "The Decameron" and was an italian writer who lived during the black death. | |
| 16575183 | Castiglione | Book of the Courtier | |
| 17105611 | Niccolo Machiavelli | Statesmen and historian; wrote The Prince | |
| 17105612 | Printing Press | invented by Johann Gutenberg in 1454; first book was Gutenberg Bible; changed private and public lives of Europeans; used for propaganda | |
| 17105613 | Hermandades | Hermandades or "brotherhoods" were popular groups in the town. They were given authority to act as both local police forces and as a judicial panel. (p.443) | |
| 17105614 | Jan Hus | Czechoslovakian religious reformer who anticipated the Reformation | |
| 17105615 | Hapsburg-Valois War | A dynastic struggle between France and Germany that advanced the cause of Protestantism and political fragmentation of the German Empire | |
| 17105616 | Desiderius Erasmus | Wrote Praise of Folly; believed that everybody should study the Bible | |
| 17105617 | Jan van Eyck | Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting | |
| 17105618 | Thomas More | refused to sign the Act of Succession because he wouldn't recognize Henry VIII as head of the Church and was killed in 1535; wrote Utopia | |
| 17105619 | Rabelais | France's most popular Renaissance author. Rejected the Middle Age's focus on the afterlife and believed that people should enjoy life to the fullest | |
| 17105620 | Northern Renaissance | the movement in Art in Germany and Flanders that reflected greater religious tones; , Emphasized Critical Thinking, Developed Christian Humanism criticizing the church & society, Painting/ Woodcuts/Literature | |
| 17105621 | Italian Renaissance | time of transition from medieval to modern times characterized by intellectual and political expansion as well as the rebirth of culture | |
| 17105622 | Medieval Art | religious, often showed Jesus or saints, flat, brightly colored (red with gold background) larger than surroundings; always clothed | |
| 17105623 | Renaissance Art | 3D, responded to light/shading, religious and everyday situations, active and looked real | |
| 17105624 | Early Renaissance Artists | Giotto, Masaccio, Donatello, Boccaccio, and Petrarch | |
| 17105625 | Giotto | Florentine painter who gave up the stiff Byzantine style and developed a more naturalistic style | |
| 17105626 | Masaccio | Tribute Money, the Expulsion of Adam and Eve from Eden, Brancacci Chapel, Florence, Italy | |
| 17105627 | Donatello | Florentine sculptor famous for his lifelike sculptures (1386-1466) | |
| 17105628 | Brunelleschi | Florence Cathedral Dome | |
| 17105629 | High Renaissance Artists | Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, Michelangelo, Titian | |
| 17105630 | Leonardo da Vinci | Italian Renaissance painter, sculptor, engineer, scientist and architect | |
| 17105631 | Raphael | best known for his Madonnas and for his large figure compositions in the Vatican in Rome. | |
| 17105632 | Michelangelo | carved David (1501-04) which served as the symbol for the new Republic of Florence. | |
| 17105633 | Titian | old master of the Venetian school (1490-1576) | |
| 17105634 | Women in the Renaissance | were often well read and educated, though this was discouraged by most men | |
| 17105635 | Causes of the Reformation | spread of new ideas, corruption of the Catholic Church, invention of the Printing Press | |
| 17105636 | John Wycliff | Criticized the church & believed in personal interpretation of scripture. Together with Jan Hus he set the stage for the Protestant Reformation. | |
| 17105637 | Martin Luther | German monk who became one of the most famous critics of the Roman Catholic Chruch. In 1517, he wrote 95 theses, or statements of belief attacking the church practices. | |
| 17105638 | 95 Theses | statements attacking the Catholic Church's practices. | |
| 17105639 | Diet of Worms | Charles V's assembly of German estates that declared Luther's teachings heretical. | |
| 17105640 | Simony, Nepotism, Indulgences | Abuses of Church Power | |
| 17105641 | Simony | The selling of church offices. | |
| 17105642 | Nepotism | The practice of rewarding relatives with church positions. | |
| 17105643 | Indulgences | remission of the punishment for sin by the clergy in return for services or payments | |
| 17105644 | Tetzel | northern german clergyman who sold indulgences, representing the spiritual corruption of the church | |
| 17105645 | Transubstantiation | the Roman Catholic doctrine that the whole substance of the bread and the wine changes into the substance of the body and blood of Christ when consecrated in the Eucharist | |
| 17105646 | Consubstantiation | The bread and wine undergo a spiritual change. | |
| 17105647 | Peace of Augsburg | A treaty between Charles V and the German Protestant princes that granted legal recognition of Lutheranism in Germany; didn't acknowledge Calvinism | |
| 17105648 | Zwingli | Swiss theologian whose sermons began the Reformation in Switzerland (1484-1531) | |
| 17105649 | Calvinism | the theological system emphasizing omnipotence of God and salvation by grace alone | |
| 17105650 | Predestination | idea that God determines man's salvation before birth | |
| 17105651 | John Knox | Scottish theologian and Calvinist who founded Presbyterianism in Scotland and wrote a history of the Reformation in Scotland (1514-1572) | |
| 17105652 | Protestant ethics | the self denying approach to life(financial success was a sign god was on their side so they began to live frugal lives saving their money) | |
| 17105653 | Anabaptist | rejected infant baptism and believed that a person should choose their own faith. | |
| 17105654 | Henry VIII | English king that left the catholic church and started the Church of England | |
| 17105655 | Edward IV | Returned to Protestant rule after the death of his father | |
| 17105656 | Mary Tudor | Queen who succeeded Edward VI and attempted to return Catholicism to England by persecuting Protestants. | |
| 17105657 | Elizabeth I | English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise | |
| 17216965 | English Reformation | Henry VIII's break from the Catholic Church. | |
| 17216966 | Inquisition | A Roman Catholic tribunal for investigating and prosecuting charges of heresy - especially the one active in Spain during the 1400s. | |
| 17216967 | Anglicanism | Upholding to the teachings of the Church of England as defined by Elizabeth I. | |
| 17216968 | Ignatius Loyola | Catholic priest that established the Jesuits | |
| 17216969 | Jesuits | The Society of Jesus is a religious order of men within the Roman Catholic Church formed under the inspiration of Ignatius of Loyola | |
| 17216970 | Catholic Reformation | Attempt to reform abuses in the Catholic Church in the 1500's | |
| 17216971 | Counter Reformation | the reaction of the Roman Catholic Church to the Reformation reaffirming the veneration of saints and the authority of the Pope (to which Protestants objected) | |
| 17216972 | Council of Trent | Called by Pope Paul III to reform the church and secure reconciliation with the Protestants. Lutherans and Calvinists did not attend. | |
| 17216973 | Henry IV | Henry of Navarre; was protestant but did not wish to anger catholics. Said "Paris is well worth a mass" | |
| 17219639 | War of Three Henrys | war for secular power, between Henry of Navarre, Henry VIII and Henry of guise | |
| 17219640 | Edict of Nantes | 1598 - Granted the Huguenots liberty of conscience and worship. | |
| 17219641 | Huguenots | French Calvinists | |
| 17219642 | Charles V | Holy Roman Emperor; King of Spain; Summoned Diet of Worms | |
| 17219643 | Low Countries | Netherlands | |
| 17219644 | Union of Utrecht | The union created for the Netherlands that granted their independence against Spain | |
| 17219645 | Defenestration of Prague | The hurling, by Protestants, of Catholic officials from a castle window in Prague, setting off the Thirty Years' War. | |
| 17252880 | Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre | rioting and slaughter killed Huguenots in France, caused the War of Three Henrys; (August 25-October 3, 1527) | |
| 17252881 | Escorial | A Spanish monastery and palace built by Philip II. | |
| 17252882 | Philip II | king of Spain and Portugal and husband of Mary Tudor | |
| 17252883 | Spanish Armada | the great fleet sent from Spain against England by Philip II in 1588 that failed miserably | |
| 17252884 | War of the Roses | struggle for the English throne (1455-1485) between the house of York (white rose) and the house of Lancaster (red rose) ending with the accession of the Tudor monarch Henry VII | |
| 17252885 | Antwerp | Each day, as many as five-thousand merchants gathered in this northern Dutch city to trade goods. | |
| 17252886 | Phases of the Thirty Years War | Bohemian, Danish, Swedish, French | |
| 17252887 | Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden | Protestant hero of the Thirty Years War; France supported him because they wanted to keep Germany split up. | |
| 17252888 | Treaty of Westphalia | 1648, ended the 30 Year War and created the state system. | |
| 17252889 | Bartholomew Diaz | Portuguese explorer who rounded the Cape of Good Hope, but was forced to turn back | |
| 17252890 | Vasco de Gama | Portuguese explorer who reached India (1497-1499) | |
| 17252891 | Prince Henry the Navigator | Financed Portugal's explorers | |
| 17252892 | Michel de Montaigne | Developed the essay form. Skepticism, doubt that rue knowledge could be obtained. | |
| 17252893 | Golden Century of Spain | The influence of Spanish armies, Catholicism, and wealth felt all over Europe in the 16th Century | |
| 17252894 | Colombian Exchange | The exchange of plants, animals, diseases, and technologies between the Americas and the rest of the world following Columbus's voyages | |
| 17252895 | Quinto | The Spanish monarchy acted on the mercantilism principle that the colonies existed for financial benefit. The crown claimed the quinto, gold and silver, as being the most important industry in the Spanish colonies. (p.512) | |
| 17252896 | Witch hunts | spread by religious reformers' preachings about the Devil and severe economic hardships (1560-1660) | |
| 17252897 | Baroque Art | art that originated in Rome and is associated with the Catholic Reformation, characterized by emotional intensity, strong self-confidence, spirit | |
| 17252898 | Absolutism | The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally. | |
| 17252899 | Sully | Henry IV's chief financial minister | |
| 17252900 | Richelieu | Louis XIII's chief advisor | |
| 17252901 | Colbert | Louis IV's minister | |
| 17252902 | Mazarin | Richelieu's successor regarding centralization in France, ruled France during Louis XIV's childhood | |
| 17252903 | The Fronde | a french rebellion that was caused by Mazarin's attempt to increase royal revenue and expand state bureaucracy, caused Louis XIV to distrust the state and turn to absolutism | |
| 17252904 | Mercantilism | government regulation of economic activity | |
| 17252905 | Revocation of the Edict of Nantes | Campaign against Huguenots in order to unify France. | |
| 17252906 | Peace of Utrect | limited the extent to which France could expand and restored the balance of powers | |
| 17252907 | Constitutionalism | government in which power is distributed and limited by a system of laws that must be obeyed by the rulers | |
| 17252908 | War of Spanish Succession | (1701-1714) Resulted from Louis XIV being offered the Spanish throne. All of Europe attacked France in this war. | |
| 17252909 | Charles I | son of James I who was King of England and Scotland and Ireland; was deposed and executed by Oliver Cromwell | |
| 17252910 | Puritans | They hoped for prosperity, demanded the purification of the Church of England, and objected certain practices from Catholics. | |
| 17252911 | English Civil War | civil war in England between the Parliamentarians and the Royalists under Charles I | |
| 17252912 | Oliver Cromwell | English general and statesman who led the parliamentary army in the English Civil War (1599-1658); Lord Protector of England | |
| 17252913 | Navigation Acts | Laws passed by the British to control colonial trade | |
| 17252914 | Charles II | King of England and Scotland and Ireland during the Restoration (1630-1685) | |
| 17252915 | James II | closet Catholic, fled to France during Glorious Revolution | |
| 17252916 | William and Mary | Joint monarchs that ruled after glorious revolution under constitutional monarchy | |
| 17252917 | Glorious Revolution | in Britain, nonviolent overthrow of the government of James II that resulted in the reign of William and Mary | |
| 17252918 | English Bill of Rights | King William and Queen Mary accepted this document in 1689. It guaranteed certain rights to English citizens and declared that elections for Parliament would happen frequently. By accepting this document, they supported a limited monarchy, a system in which they shared their power with Parliament and the people. | |
| 17252919 | Pragmatic Sanction | Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne. | |
| 17252920 | Prussian Junkers | Threatened to be destroyed by Frederick William I, but instead enlisted them into the army | |
| 17252921 | Enlightened Monarch | political change could best come from the rulers and not the people | |
| 17252922 | Frederick the Great | king of Prussia from 1740 to 1786; won the War of Austrian Succession | |
| 17252923 | Charles VI of Austria | Instituted the Pragmatic Sanction, forbidding the Hapsburg lands from ever dividing | |
| 17252924 | Frederick William the Great Elector | laid the foundation for the Prussian state; built an army of 40,000 men to protect Prussia | |
| 17252925 | Frederick William I | The Soldier's King; built up an army but never used it | |
| 17252926 | Ivan the Terrible | first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war | |
| 17252927 | Cossacks | free groups and outlaw armies of peasants who fled the tzar and service nobility | |
| 17252928 | Maria Theresa | mother of Marie Antoinette, had to fight off Prussia as soon as she ascended the throne | |
| 17252929 | Peter the Great | czar of Russia who introduced ideas from western Europe to reform the government | |
| 17252930 | Scientific Revolution | the era of scientific thought in Europe during which careful observation of the natural world was made, and accepted beliefs were questioned | |
| 17252931 | Geocentric | models of the universe based on the assumption that the sun, moon, and planets all orbit Earth | |
| 17252932 | Heliocentric | Theory that sun is center of the universe | |
| 17252933 | Copernicus | Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe | |
| 17252934 | Galileo | Invented the experimental method, formulated the law of inertia, provided evidence for the Copernican theory | |
| 17252935 | Brahe | Compiled the first detailed observational data on planetary motion (mars), without a telescope. | |
| 17252936 | Kepler | German astronomer who first stated laws of planetary motion (1571-1630) | |
| 17252937 | Newton | wrote Principia in 1687. Made the 3 laws of mechanics and law of gravity. He also invented calculus. | |
| 17252938 | Harvey | English physician and scientist who described the circulation of the blood | |
| 17252939 | Boyle | Irish chemist who established that air has weight and whose definitions of chemical elements and chemical reactions helped to dissociate chemistry from alchemy (1627-1691) | |
| 17252940 | Deductive reasoning | Descartes; reached from previously known facts | |
| 17252941 | Inductive reasoning | Bacon; conjecture based on a pattern of examples or past events | |
| 17252942 | Deism | the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation | |
| 17252943 | Royal societies | an honorary English society (formalized in 1660 and given a Royal Charter by Charles II in 1662) through which the British government has supported science | |
| 17252944 | Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755) | |
| 17252945 | Rousseau | believed people in their natural state were basically good but that they were corrupted by the evils of society, especially the uneven distribution of property | |
| 17252946 | Voltaire | (1694-1778) wrote satires which attacked various aspects of society; Candide | |
| 17252947 | Salons | informal social gatherings at which writers, artists, philosophes, and other exchanged enlightenment ideas | |
| 17252948 | John Locke | English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704) | |
| 17252949 | Hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679) | |
| 17252950 | Crop Rotation | rotating crops in a cycle so that the nutrients in the soil are not exhausted | |
| 17252951 | Cottage Industry | first form of Capitalism | |
| 17252952 | Putting out system | The Cottage Industry; was eliminated with all the development of new machines and inventions in Britain | |
| 17252953 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations and designed modern Capitalism | |
| 17252954 | lunatic | insane and believed to be affected by the phases of the moon | |
| 17252955 | Edward Jenner | introduced a vaccine to prevent small pox | |
| 17252956 | Estates General | The French national assembly summoned in 1789 to remedy the financial crisis | |
| 17252957 | National Assembly | French Revolutionary assembly (1789-1791). Called first as the Estates General, the three estates came together and demanded radical change. It passed the Declaration of the Rights of Man in 1789 | |
| 17252958 | Tennis Court Oath | the national assembly swore to never separate and to constantly meet until they wrote a fair constitution. it came about because the third estate claimed they were the National Assembly, so they invited people from the other estates to help them write their constitution | |
| 17252959 | Mary Wollstonecraft | English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women (daughter Mary Shelly, author of Frankenstein) | |
| 17252960 | Abbe Sieyes | Wrote an essay called "What is the 3rd estate" Argued that lower classes were more important than the nobles and the government should be responsible to the people. | |
| 17252961 | Declaration of the Rights of Man | Statement of fundamental political rights adopted by the French National Assembly at the beginning of the French Revolution | |
| 17252962 | Maximilien Robespierre | "The incorruptable;" the leader of the bloodiest portion of the French Revolution. He set out to build a republic of virtue. | |
| 17252963 | Reign of Terror | the historic period (1793-94) during the French Revolution when thousands were executed | |
| 17252964 | Napoleon's Continental System | attempt to stop British goods form reaching Europe, but failed | |
| 17252965 | Hundred Days War | napoleon's last bid for power | |
| 17252966 | Thermidorean Reaction | A reaction against the violence of the Reign of Terror that executed Robespierre |
