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| 138436276 | malthus | an English economist who argued that increases in population would outgrow increases in the means of subsistence | |
| 138436277 | ricardo | English economist who argued that the laws of supply and demand should operate in a free market | |
| 138436278 | marxism | the economic and political theories of that hold that human actions and institutions are economically determined and that class struggle is needed to create historical change and that capitalism will untimately be superseded | |
| 138436279 | marx and engels | The Communist manifesto, Economic conditions determined the nature of everything in society. Class conflict will lead to a bourgeoisie revolution | |
| 138436280 | hegel | has philosophy that each age characterized by a dominant set of ideas, which produces new ideas that eventually makes a synthesis. Marx uses this idea.. thesis, antithesis, synthesis. Mercantilism vs. Capitalism= socialism. German philosopher. | |
| 138436281 | communist manifesto | a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views | |
| 138436282 | dialectic materialism | A branch of Marxism which involves the Antithesis clashing with the Thesis and eventually forming a Synthesis. (history advances - class warfare - not about ideas) | |
| 138436283 | bourgeoisie | in marxism they challenge elites and out in their ideas of free speech property rights and as the competition grows with the urban workers' rising population the proletariat class gets stronger | |
| 138436284 | proletariat | this class rises up against the bourgoisie in marxist theory | |
| 138436285 | "dictatorship of the proletariat" | (marxism) they want social equality so they end private property ending social classes which will end history | |
| 138436286 | anarchism | a political theory favoring the abolition of governments | |
| 138436287 | bakunin | Russian Anarchist who wanted to use a group of Radical Revolutionaries to to step up in revolution to overtake the government | |
| 138436289 | sick man of europe | the ottoman empire was referred to as the _________________. Europe was waiting for it to die (fall) so it could colonize | |
| 138436290 | holy sites | one ambition of russia in the ottoman empire was to retain control of the _________ | |
| 138764095 | dardanelles | another ambition of russia in the ottoman empire was that russia wanted to gain control of it so that another enemy power would not take over and block russia's access to _______ | |
| 138436291 | dardanelles | the strait between the Aegean and the Sea of Marmara that separates European Turkey from Asian Turkey | |
| 138436293 | crimean war | A war fought in the middle of the nineteenth century between Russia on one side and Turkey, Britain, and France on the other | |
| 138436294 | crimean war | because of a dispute with France over who should protect certain Christian shrines in the Ottoman Empire = crisis. Because the fighting was concentrated in the Crimean Peninsula on the Black Sea, Russia's transportation network of rivers and wagons failed to supply the distant Russian armies adequately. France and Great Britain, aided by Sardinia and the Ottoman Empire, inflicted a humiliating defeat on Russia. | |
| 138436295 | russia | they lost the crimean war | |
| 138436296 | unstable | image of invincible russia/ concert of europe = shattered and for 25 years europe was ______ | |
| 138436298 | young turks | Young rebellious people in the Ottoman Empire who forced the Sultan to reform | |
| 138436299 | carbonari | (ex of romantic republicans), A secret society; designated to overthrow Bonapartist rulers | |
| 138436300 | mazzini | romantic, said ideal country created = national --> founded national society (Young Italy) and popularizes nationalist ideals by going to rome in 1848 to be center of new united italy | |
| 138436301 | piedmont-sardinia | (Italy) has liberal king with constitutional monarch--> led to unification of italy | |
| 138436302 | victor emmanuel II | He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savory until 1861 when he was crowned the first king of a united Italy | |
| 138436303 | cavour | The prime minister of Piedmont-Sardinia during the movement toward Italian unification. He is considered the architect of the Italian Unification. | |
| 138436304 | 1859 | war in _______ = Piedmont and France vs. Austrians --> After Cavour had Plombieres agreement with Nap III he provoked an invasion of Austrian troops and triggered France's involvement. Two fierce battles, Solferino and Magenta shook Napoleon's confidence. Settlement of Villafranca won Lombardy for Piedmont but Venetia stayed with Austria | |
| 138436305 | austria | war in 1859 was piedmont (who allied with france) against ________ | |
| 138436306 | italian unification | fight was of 1859 for ________ | |
| 138436307 | Venetia | Napoleon III feared too much of a piedmont defeat (because he didn't want italy to be united) so he made the Settlement of Villafranca with austria so that Lombardy went to Piedmont but _______ stayed with Austria | |
| 138436308 | garibaldi | republican nationalist (didn't want a king), Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state | |
| 138436309 | kingdom of italy | italy is united except for rome and venetia | |
| 138436310 | unredeemed italy | the parts of italy that were not united in 1861 (which were venitia and rome) | |
| 138436311 | unredeemed italy | italia irredenta means | |
| 138436314 | frankfurt assembly | 1848, The first freely elected parliament in Germany. Its existence can be attributed to the 'March Revolution' Its purpose was to design a constitution for a unified German nation. Offered crown of Germany to Frederick William of Prussia; who refused. Ultimately disintegrates because it can't muster the power to lead itself. | |
| 138436318 | failed | outcome of frankfurt assembly | |
| 138436319 | zollverein | A tariff-free zone in Germany, in order to boost German economy --> grows (prussia and other german states NOT austria | |
| 138436320 | prussian constitution | refused to approve taxes to expand army because it would put too much power with the monarchy | |
| 138436321 | wilhelm I | He became king of Prussia in 1861 and sought to increase Prussian power. He appointed Otto Von Bismarck as his Prime Minister. In 1871, at the Palace of Versailles after the Franco-Prussian war, he was proclaimed Kaiser of the German Empire by Otto von Bismarck. | |
| 138436322 | otto von bismark | center of german unification, chancellor or prussia. fights Danes with Austrians and Germans. Expels Austrians from Zollverein, fights Austrian-Prussian war w/ help of Germans. Gets North Germkan Confederation, led by Prussia. Then fights French, Franco-Prussian war, gets rest of Germany and Alsace-Lorraine. Diplomat under William I of Prussia, and then Wiliam II, who makes the mistake of firing him. | |
| 138436323 | realpolitik | bismark was this --> do what needs to be done to increase your power (realistic politics based on the needs of the state) | |
| 138436324 | danish war | austria and prussia fight ________ to defend germany there -->prussia and austria continue to partition and have disagreements | |
| 138436325 | austro-prussian war | also known as 7 weeks war --> prussians win and create the north german confederation | |
| 138436326 | north german confederation | created by bismark --> all north germany united under this leadership | |
| 138436327 | spanish crown | this was given to the hohenzollern family after the spanish king died and even though they decided not to let it happen, bismark provokes war anyways by means of a telegraph to france that made it seem as though the prussian king was insulting the french minister | |
| 138436328 | elms dispatch | letter altered by bismark to france in reply to an insult by a french ambassador about needing to apologize | |
| 138436329 | franco-prussian war | Third stage in German unification. Bismark sought to unify all Germans by creating a common enemy in France. Germany defeated France easily and German unification upset the balance of power. | |
| 138436330 | alsace-lorraine | Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war | |
| 138436331 | 1871 | german unification = in _______ | |
| 138436333 | kaiser | german emperor --> united germany | |
| 138436334 | reichstag | german lower house, members elected by universal male suffrage | |
| 138436336 | second empire | 1852, Louis Napoleon assumed title Napoleon III, Emperor of France; authoritarian government; the Legislative Corps; completely controlled govermnet and limited civil liberties; rapid construction of railroads, harbors, roads, canals, and iron production; rebuilt Paris to serve military purpose; Empire fell in Franco-prussion War in 1870 | |
| 138436337 | revolution of 1848 | members of the working class in Paris united to overthrow the regime of Louis Phillippe and creat the Second French revolution | |
| 138436338 | second republic | Louis Napoleon Bonaparte became president of the _________________- Constitution of this stated that the Presidency of the Republic was to be held for a single term of four years, with no possibility of re-election, a restriction written in the Constitution for fear that a President would abuse his power to transform the Republic into a dictatorship with a president for life | |
| 138436339 | louis napoleon bonaparte | (napoleon III), Elected president of France following general election. Won 70% of the votes because of his name. Bonaparte later changed the government to an empire w/himself as emperor just like his uncle, the original Napoleon. | |
| 138436340 | napoleon's policies | free trade with britain/ labor unions/ hospitals | |
| 138436341 | baron haussmann | Creative city planner used by Napoleon III to improve and beautify Paris. Boulevardes/wide avenues were established (facilitated military movement). Public squares were constructed, broad vistas, Place de L'Opera, sewers, water supply, etc. This planning and improvement stimulated business and increased employment in Paris | |
| 138436342 | 1848 | french forces were removed from southern Italy and Sicily in _____ | |
| 138436343 | 1859 | The Italian war was in _________ | |
| 138436345 | 1870 | franco-Prussian War | |
| 138436346 | france third republic | Monarchists wanted to bring back the Monarchy, but couldn't decide on who to choose for King. An improvised constitution was made, establishing a bicameral legislature with an upper house, the Senate, and a lower house, the Chamber of Deputies. A president selected by the legislature would rule for 7 years. The Constitution of 1875 solidified the _______, which lasted for 65 years. | |
| 138436347 | paris commune | Established by a group of French radical patriots who refused to give up in the Franco-Prussian War, and wanted to independantly rule Paris. Didn't want to give up Alsace-Lorraine. | |
| 138436348 | constitution of 1875 | this French constitution was created out of a compromise of the republicans; established a weak President, and the premier and cabinet were responsible to the Chamber of Deputies (the legislature) rather than to the President; the problem with this constitution: opposition from the Catholic clergy, monarchists, and military officers, leading to the Boulanger Affair and the Dreyfus Affair | |
| 138436349 | chamber of deputies | Within the French bicameral legislature, the lower house, or the _______________, was elected according to a very narrow franchise with a high property qualification. | |
| 138436350 | ministerial responsibility | to whom? | |
| 138436351 | challenges | __________to the third republic were people wanting stronger executive authority and the scandals | |
| 138436352 | boulanger | the French military guy who was going to get revenge on the Prussians, but instead fled France (probably to GB like most of the people who flee France) | |
| 138436353 | dreyfus affair | Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it divided the country | |
| 138436354 | zola | This man published "J'accuse," saying that Dreyfus was denied due process. He was convicted of libel with a one-year term in prison, but fled to England. | |
| 138436355 | J'Accuse | zola wrote ____ | |
| 138436357 | francis joseph | leader of Austria and King of Hungary; he helps create and refrom new type of country called Austria-Hungary | |
| 138436359 | magyars | Muslims who attacked Europe and converted to Christianity and established Hungary | |
| 138436360 | 1867 | the ausgleich (compromise with the magyars) was in ____________ and transformes the monarchy into a dual monarchy | |
| 138436361 | dual monarchy | After Austria's defeat by Prussia in 1866, Hungarians demanded more freedom. Austria responded in 1867 by forming the ________ - also called Austria-Hungary - in which Hungarians shared power with Austrians. | |
| 138436362 | nationalites | many ___________ opposed the compromise of 1867 because it allowed othwe german speaking austrians and magyars to dominate the other nationalites | |
| 138436363 | austrian | ethnic groups in the _________ empire included: germans hungarians czechs slovaks poles ukrainians slovenes serbians romanians italians | |
| 138436364 | nicholas I | Russian Tsar that succeeced Alexander I; he strengthened the secret police and the bureaucracy. He was also wiling to use Russian troops to crush revolutions, as he greatly feared them. | |
| 138436365 | Alexander II | he issued the Emancipation Edict, which freed all serfs in Russia; He also introduced other liberal reforms but had a difficult time satisfying the desires of the conservatives, liberals and radicals; asssassinated by a bomb attack by the People's Will in 1881, a radical group that used terrorism to accomplish their goals | |
| 138436366 | mir | Peasant village assembly - which took over administration of peasant land as collective property. Village as a whole was to make redemption payments and this assembly could deal with defaults. Could prevent peasants moving away. Government prevented selling of mortgage of land to outsiders and hence helped preserve peasant society. | |
| 138436367 | zemstvos | Alexander II created this - a system of provincial and district councils which were elected by various groups including peasants. It was to deal with education, medical relief, public welfare, food supply, and roads in their areas. DID help develop civic sentiment and gave some administrative experience. | |
| 138436368 | alexander herzen | Socialist who after 1848 came to believe that the true and natural future of socialism lay in Russia because of the weakness of capitalism in Russia and the existence of a kind of collectivism (communal spirit) in the mir | |
| 138436369 | populism | revolutionary movement sought revolution based on the communal life of the russian peasants | |
| 138436370 | land and freedom | chief radical society | |
| 138436371 | people's will | after land and freedom split into 2 groups, this group was dedicated to the overthrow of the autocracy --> assassinate tsar | |
| 138436372 | alexander III | Russian tsar who came to the throne after his father was assassinated. He undid many reforms and opposed liberalism. He also started the Russianification campaign. | |
| 138436373 | victorian age | Reign of Queen Victoria --> The term is also used to describe late-nineteenth-century society, with its rigid moral standards and sharply differentiated roles for men and women and for middle-class and working-class people | |
| 138436374 | reform act of 1867 | opposed by liberals - passed by conservatives (disraeli) = expanded suffrage and granted working class the right to vote | |
| 138436375 | disraeli | british conservative leader of the House of Commons who expanded the electorate, oversaw health and well being, and protected trade unions | |
| 138436376 | public health act | the ___________ (act of Parliament) of 1848; a result of Edwin Chadwick's Report on the Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain and of his attempt to end the cholera outbreak (at least in Britain); this act created the National Board of Health, which was given power to form local boards that would establish modern sanitary systems, attempting to increase the standard of living for the workers in Great Britain | |
| 138436377 | artesian dwelling act | passed by disraeli --> construction of working class housing | |
| 138436378 | gladstone | the liberal prime minister of Great Britain that rose as a result of the Reform Act of 1867 1867, he also passed the Education Act of 1870 (established compulsory elementary education) | |
| 138436380 | exam | gladstone institutes ________ in order to qualify for a government job | |
| 138436381 | education act | made the government responsible to run the elementary schools in Britain | |
| 138436382 | ballot act | passed by gladstone - declared that voting was to be done by secret ballot | |
| 138436384 | irish | they wanted "home rule" | |
| 138436385 | charles parnell | Leader of Irish Movement, created a group of Irish in Pariament to use for pursuasion | |
| 138436386 | home rule | ability to run state governments without the interference of the federal government | |
| 138436388 | mass society | = much more access and participation in society | |
| 138436389 | population | __________ proportions in 1900 = greater that ever before or since | |
| 138436392 | migration | 50 million europeans left their homelands | |
| 138436393 | second industrial revolution | involved development of chemical, electrical, oil, and steel industries. Mass production of consumer goods also developed at this time through the mechanization of the manufacture of food and clothing. It saw the popularization of cinema and radio. Provided widespread employment and increased production. | |
| 138436394 | bessemer | British inventor of steel process | |
| 138436395 | chemical | this industry created the Solway process of alkali production | |
| 138436396 | electrification | electricity began to be used more in cities, starting with city lights in the 1870s to replace the dim gas lights | |
| 138436397 | phone | Alexander Grand Bell invented it | |
| 138436398 | internal combustion engine | Diamler invented ___________ (an engine that burns fuel inside cylinders within the engine) | |
| 138436399 | competition | because of bad weather and foreign __________ the economy slowed | |
| 138436400 | boom and bust cycles | problem of free-market capitalism; left to its own under capitalism, the economy is either in a good blast or in a recession or depression; distribution of goods is based on ones ability to pay and not on ones needs | |
| 138436401 | la belle epoque | the period of European History that lasted from the late 19th century until the beginning of World War I. It literally means "golden age" and was named for the many advancements that occurred during this era. Many changes took place in politics, social structure, art, literature, science, and technology | |
| 138436403 | professionals | the middle of the middle-class | |
| 138436404 | petite bourgeoisie | lower middle class (shopkeepers and clerical staff etc.) | |
| 138436406 | suburb | residential areas that sprang up close to or surrounding cities as a result of improvements in transportation. | |
| 138436407 | cholera | an acute intestinal infection caused by ingestion of contaminated water or food | |
| 138436408 | edwin chadwick | a public health official who wrote reports on the poor living conditions of the cities and believed that poverty was caused by illnesses | |
| 138436409 | edwin chadwick | wrote report on the sanitary condition of the laboring population | |
| 138436410 | sewers | new ________ were made in an effort to clean up the cities | |
| 138436411 | public health act | 1848 - formed the local boards of public health in England. The aim of this act was to improve sanitary conditions of towns and populous places in england and Wales by placing the supply of water, sewerage, drainage, cleansing and paving under a single local body | |
| 138436412 | housing | _________ for the poor = built to solve political, medical, moral dangers the overcrowded slums possessed | |
| 138436413 | mass leisure | This was a result of the working class having free time after work (10 Hour's Act) and having a little bit of money (increased real wages) --> sports groups/ world fairs/ amusement parks/ dance halls/ tourism | |
| 138436417 | married women's property act | (1848) law that permitted married women to own property, file lawsuits, and retain earnings; major victory for the early women's right movement | |
| 138436420 | elementary school teacher | the most accepted female career | |
| 138436422 | cult of domesticity | the ideal woman was seen as a tender, self-sacrificing caregiver who provided a nest for her children and a peaceful refuge for her husband, social customs that restricted women to caring for the house | |
| 138436423 | harriet taylor | wife of the author Stuart Mill, extended the logic of liberal freedom to the position of women in her book, the subjection of women | |
| 138436424 | john stuart mill | English Philosopher, Benthamite, wrote "On Liberty", Essay that talked about problem of how to prortect the rights of individuals and minorities in the emerging age of mass electoral paricipation. Advocated right of workers to organize, equality for women, and universal suffrage | |
| 138436425 | the subjection of women | An essay written by John Stuart Mill in 1869 which advocated suffrage rights for women. | |
| 138436426 | millicent fawcett | British suffragist and early feminist. Took a moderate line, but was a tireless campaigner, working most on the struggle to improve women's opportunities for higher education. Co-founded Newnham College, Cambridge. Later became president of the National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies | |
| 138436427 | national union of women's suffrage societies | moderate organization led by Millicent Fawcett; believed British parliament would grant women the right to vote only if they were convinced that they would be respectable and responsible | |
| 138436428 | emmeline pankhurst | British suffrage leader. Led movement to win the vote for women in Great Britain. Founded the Women';s Social and Political Union in 1903, which held public meetings and led protest marches to the House of Commons. Jailed several times between 1908 and 1913, in where Pankhurst used hunger strikes to protest | |
| 138436429 | suffragettes | Group of women in England in second half of 19th century who were seeking vote for women. Resorted to amazingly unEnglish behavior - chained themselves to railings, public buildings, smashed store windows, broke porcelains. When imprisoned, they went on hunger strikes. Also wanted educational, professional, legal and occupational equality with men. | |
| 138436433 | trade unionism | tended to workers' everyday needs. Union rules specified the terms of work, sometimes in minute detail. Above all, trade unionism defended the craft worker's traditional skills and rights. The earliest unions were local craft organizations, sometimes limited to a single ethnic group. | |
| 138436434 | political parties | working class response to democracy --> these started to appear to appeal to the masses | |
| 138436435 | first international | also known as the International Working Men's Association. It was an eclectic gathering eventually headed by Karl Marx, who used the ___________ to spread his ideas about socialism and the need for revolution in the capitalist society. Members of the _______________ hoped that the Paris Commune would be the spark for revolution across Europe, although it obviously failed. | |
| 138436436 | labour party | britian, The _______ was a political party that began to replace the Liberal party as the main opponent of the Conservatives during the 20's. As the decade wore on, they gradually began to move closer and closer to Communism. | |
| 138436437 | fabian socialism | sought to bring communist goals by means of gradual change and negotiation | |
| 138436438 | syndicalism | a radical political movement that advocates bringing industry and government under the control of labor unions | |
| 138436439 | georges sorel | A French socialist who thought there socialism would come from a general strike of all workers that would cripple the capitalist system. Thought that socialism was an improbable religion rather than accepted truth. Thought that the new socialist governments would not be democratic, rather controlled by a small revolutionary elite. He did not like democracy. | |
| 138436440 | reflections of violence | written by Sorel that argued that humans to not rationally perceive goals but are led to action by collectively shared ideals | |
| 138436441 | social democratic party | leftist leaning party in Germany, not as radical as the communists of Russia, favored "gradual" elimination of captialism not radical overthrow like in Russia | |
| 138436442 | bismarck | ____________ repressed the German Social Democratic Party (founded in 1875 because of the labor agitation of Ferdinand Lasalle who wanted workers to participate in German politics. It was divided between those who advocated reform and those who advocated revolution. Bismark largely repressed this party, believing socialsim would undermine German politics and society. Being a socialist in Germany eventually meant sacrificing a respectible German life and possibly, a career. Its members had the goal of getting more and more representatives in the Reichstag) | |
| 138436443 | erfurt program | __________ = a German program that declared the imminent doom of capitalism and the necessity of socialist ownership of the means of production. It intended to pursue these goals through legal political participation rather than revolutionary activity. | |
| 138436444 | social welfare program | bismarck undertook a ____________ legislation as simple repression failed to wean workers from socialist loyalties --> health insurance measure/ accident insurance legislation/ old age and disability pensions (=alternative to socialism) | |
| 138436445 | revisionist socialism | their beleifs about socialism were contrary to marx's very famous beleifs, they thought that their desirable goal of socialism would come with evolution not revolution | |
| 138436446 | revisionism | (more negatively = opportunism) socialist thought that disagreed with Marx's formulation; believed that social and economic progress could be achieved through existing political institution | |
| 138436447 | evolutionary socialism | suggested that socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions, and further economic development, book by Edward Bernstein that Marx's predictions of ever greater poverty for works had been proved false | |
| 138436448 | eduard bernstein | A Social Democratic member of the Reichstag in the German Empire. Led Marxist revisionism in Germany. Wrote, 1898, Evolutionary Socialism (as distinct from revolutionary socialism). Held that class conflict was not inevitable and capitalism might be transformed in workers' interests - especially if labor had vote and its own political party. | |
| 138436449 | witte | in Russia; this minister of finance helped push construction of railroads, encouraged protective tariffs, persuaded Nicholas II that foreign capital was essential, and helped the rapid growth of the modern steel and coal industry | |
| 138436450 | kulaks | Rich peasants in the Russian Empire who owned larger farms and used hired labour. They were their own class. | |
| 138436451 | social revolutionary party | Most popular of the political parties that sprang up in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century. Believed in land socialism and were supported by poorer peasants and non-Russian nationalities. opposed industrialization looked to communal life of rural russia as model for future | |
| 138436452 | populists | a party made up of farmers and laborers that wanted direct election of senators and an 8hr working day, a reduced tariff, a graduated income tax, government control of the railroads, extension of the money supply (free silver), included Blacks (which hurt them) | |
| 138436453 | constitutional democratic party | wanted constitutional monarchy under a parliamentary regime with civil liberties and economic progress | |
| 138436454 | cadets | (liberals) constitutional democratic party | |
| 138436455 | social democratic party | (socialists), German Party in late 1870s that were committed to a Marxist critique of capitalism and cooperation with other socialist parties internationally. Bismark saw them as threat to stability of Germany and outlawed the party, although candidates stood for election. Socialist strength steadily grew. | |
| 138436456 | lenin | founded the Communist Party in Russia and set up the world's first Communist Party dictatorship. He led the October Revolution of 1917, in which the Communists seized power in Russia. He then ruled the country until his death in 1924. | |
| 138436457 | bolsheviks | Communist party led by Lenin. Although they were not the majority and actually received a terrible percentage of the Russian Congress's vote, Lenin kept the name to create attraction and support. After the Russian Congress received the low voting, they (and Lenin) took over and simply disregarded the Russian Congress from there on out. | |
| 138436458 | mensheviks | The party which opposed to the Bolsheviks. Started in 1903 by Martov, after dispute with Lenin. They wanted a democratic party with mass membership. | |
| 138436459 | revolution of 1905 | result of discontent from Russian factory workers and peasants as well as an emerging nationalist sentiment among the empires minorities. | |
| 138436460 | nicholas II | the last russian tsar. Wanted supreme rule of army and government. Led the armies to defeat. Forced to abdicate in 1917 by the Duma. | |
| 138436461 | soviets | A Russian word literally meaning "councils." In the early twentieth century, they were governing bodies, similar to labor unions, that existed primarily on the local/municipal level and collectively made policy decisions for their respective regions. The idea of Soviets was popular among the various socialist parties of the time, including the Bolsheviks, Mensheviks, and Socialist Revolutionaries. | |
| 138436462 | duma | The elected parliament. through establishing this is seemed like the Czar was giving his people power, in reality he could easily get rid of this if they made any laws or such that he didn't like. | |
| 138436463 | stolypin's reforms | (1) creates a larger industrial workforce + a more assertive peasantry...so greater revolution in 1917 | |
| 138436464 | rasputin | Self-proclaimed holy man who claimed to heal the sick and have prophecy. worked as a Faith Healer and didn't bathe but had a voracious sexual appetite, in 1905, he went to St. Petersburg and started to heal the Czar's son. He then started to have an affair with the Czarina, and she replaces all her old advisers with him. In 1915, he was killed by these men he replaced. | |
| 138436465 | primary education | this improved as the government provided it --> taught basic skills (both liberals and conservatives) and as it grew so did the teaching profession | |
| 138436466 | mass audience | books/magazines | |
| 138436467 | positivism | A philosophy that social and economic problems could be solved by the application of the scientific method, leading to continuous progress | |
| 138436468 | auguste comte | French philosopher remembered as the founder of positivism. Saw human history as 3 stages: theological, metaphysical and scientific. Founded "sociology." Influenced Realpolitik | |
| 138436470 | darwin | A biologist who developed theory of evolution of species (1859). He argued that all living species evolved into their present form through the ability to adapt in a struggle for survival. | |
| 138436471 | natural selection | the process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than other members of the same species | |
| 138436472 | evolution | generation-to-generation change in the proportion of different inherited genes in a population that account for all of the changes that have transformed life over an immense time | |
| 138436473 | on the origin of species | book written by Charles Darwin that set forth the theory that higher life forms had evolved trhough random mutation and adaptation | |
| 138436474 | the descent of man | Darwin's second book. In it he applied his theory of evolution to humans. He states taht mordern humans all developed naturally as a response to the requirments for survival | |
| 138436475 | gregor mendel | genes, father of genetics | |
| 138436476 | social darwinism | Applied Darwin's theory of natural selection and "survival of the fittest" to human society -- the poor are poor because they are not as fit to survive. Used as an argument against social reforms to help the poor. | |
| 138436477 | herbert spencer | A founder of agnosticism who also promoted the notion that man's activities should be governed by the principles of Darwinian evolution. In particular, regarding govt's role, he believed that govt. should not coddle the weak. Survival of the fittest and natural selection were principles in the evolution of species that applied in man's world and it was inappropriate for man to interfere with the natural forces. Such "social Darwinism" - though not supported by Darwin himself or other scientists who supported the theory of evolution, was used by some in 19th century to justify domination of one race over another. | |
| 138436479 | loathed | catholic church and the third republic of france ____________ each other | |
| 138436480 | kulturkampf | An exetreme church state conflict waged by Bismark in Germany during the 1870's in response to a perceived threat to German political unity from the Roman Catholic church. | |
| 138436481 | syllabus of errors | pius ix, A document by the pope in which he denounced rationalism, socialism, religious liberty, and separation of the church and state. | |
| 138436482 | papal infallibility | vatican I Council, this was the soicial doctrine declaring that the pope is incapable of error when he procliams a doctrine of faith or morals. | |
| 138436483 | rerum novarum | Leo XIII, defended private property/ religious education/ religious control of the marriage laws/ condemned socialism and marxism/ declared that employers should treat their employees justly and pay them proper wages and permit them to organize labor unions | |
| 138436484 | X rays | roentgen discovered _____ --> exploration of radioactivity | |
| 138436485 | radiation from atoms | rutherford explained the cause of radiation through the disintegration of the atoms of the atoms of radioactive materials | |
| 138436486 | marie curie | French chemist who won two Nobel Prizes one (with her husband and Henri Becquerel) for research on radioactivity and another for her discovery of radium and polonium | |
| 138436487 | planck | quantum theory of energy | |
| 138436488 | einstein | theory of relativity | |
| 138436489 | realism | A 19th century artistic movement in which writers and painters sought to show life as it is rather than life as it should be | |
| 138436490 | naturalism | The term naturalism describes a type of literature that attempts to apply scientific principles of objectivity and detachment to its study of human beings. Unlike realism which focuses on literary technique naturalism implies a philosophical position | |
| 138436491 | charles dickens | One of the greatest Victorian authors, his novels often focused on the middle and lower classes. His descriptions of brutal and poor life were vivid and realistic. | |
| 138436492 | flaubert | french author of Madame Bovary, about a housewife and her affair, negatively displayed the middle class as smug and petty, was criticized for supporting immorality and defiance of religion | |
| 138436493 | madame bovary | A Realist Book by Gustave Flaubert that represented life as having no heroism, purpose, or civilty, A middle-class woman, frustrated by her humdrum life, embarks on a series of careless affairs that lead to her financial ruin and suicide. | |
| 138436494 | ibsen | Norwegian playwright who carried realism into the dramatic presentation of domestic life; sought to strip away the ilusory mask of middle class morality | |
| 138436495 | a doll's house | revolutionary at the time because a man wrote about a woman who cares more about her own development than her duties as a wife and mother, most famous play of Ibsen, with chief character, Nora, who has a narrow minded husband who cant tolerate indepence of thought/character on her part | |
| 138436496 | modernism | was an artistic and literary movement of the early 20th century that championed experimentation, technicality, primitivism, impersonalism, aestheticism, and intellectualism | |
| 138436497 | virginia woolf | wrote Mrs. Dalloway, Night and Day, The Voyage Out, and Jacob's Room; English novelist and essayist; one of the foremost modernist literary figures of 20th century | |
| 138436498 | Mrs. Dalloway | Virginia Woolf | |
| 138436499 | to the lighthouse | Virginia Woolf wrote | |
| 138436500 | thomas mann | the magic mountain, was a German novelist, social critic, philanthropist, essayist, and 1929 Nobel Prize laureate, known for his series of highly symbolic and often ironic epic novels and mid-length stories, noted for their insight into the psychology of the artist and intellectual. His analysis and critique of the European and German soul use modernized German and Biblical stories, as well as the ideas of Goethe, Nietzsche, and Schopenhauer. | |
| 138436501 | james joyce | Irish novelist who wrote Ulysses, a stream of consciousness book that mirrored Homer's book | |
| 138436502 | impressionism | a movement in 19th century painting, in which artists reacted against realism by seeking to convey their impressions of subjects or moments in time | |
| 138436503 | pissarro | sought to put into painting his impressions of the changing effects of light on objects in nature; painted "Louveciennes";said to be founder of Impressionism | |
| 138436504 | manet | French painter whose work influenced the impressionists (1832-1883) | |
| 138436505 | monet | French Painter, who started his career as a caricaturist, then converted to landscape painting by his early mentor Boudin. painted the same subject at different times of the day in different lights. During the Franco-Prussian War he took refuge in England with Pissarro: he studied the work of Constable and Turner. By 1890 he was successful enough to buy the house he had previously rented. In his final years, he was troubled by failing eyesight. However, he continued to paint until the end of his life. He was enormously prolific and many major galleries have examples of his work. | |
| 138436506 | renoir | French impressionist painter | |
| 138436507 | post-impressionism | A late nineteenth-century style that relies on the Impressionist use of color and spontaneous brushwork but that employs these elements as expressive devices. | |
| 138436508 | cezanne | French postimpressionist painter who influenced modern art (especially cubism) by stressing the structural components latent in nature Woman with the Coffee Pot, Pyramid of Skulls | |
| 138436509 | van gogh | Dutch postimpressionist painter noted for his use of color | |
| 138436510 | seurat | French Painter, Post impressionism, pointellism Sunday Afternoon on the island of La Grande Jatte | |
| 138436511 | pointillism | a school of painters who used a technique of painting with tiny dots of pure colors that would blend in the viewer's eye | |
| 138436512 | gauguin | French post-impressionist painter who worked in the South Pacific; stockbroker | |
| 138436513 | cubism | a style of painting and sculpture developed in the early 20th century, characterized chiefly by an emphasis on formal structure, the reduction of natural forms to their geometrical equivalents, and the organization of the planes of a represented object independently of representational requirements. | |
| 138436514 | picasso | prolific and influential Spanish artist who lived in France | |
| 138436515 | braque | French painter who led the cubist movement (1882-1963) | |
| 138436516 | les demoiselles d'avignon | Painting by Picasso that marks the birth of Cubism | |
| 138436517 | fauves | henri metisse, A French term meaning "wild beast" and descriptive of an artistic style characterized by the use of bright and intense expressionistic color schemes. | |
| 138436518 | abstract painting | an artistic movement that developed early in the twentieth century in which artists focused on color to avoid any references to visual reality | |
| 138436519 | kandinsky | Russian; one of the first and most influential abstract painters; joined the Blue Rider and the Bauhaus | |
| 138436520 | brahms | German composer who developed the Romantic style of both lyrical and classical music | |
| 138436526 | rimsky-korsakov | member of the Five; famous for using folk and fairy-tale subjects; incredibly skilled in orchestration; main architect of Russian style | |
| 138436527 | tchaikovsky | important Russian composer whose works are noted for their expressive melodies | |
| 138436528 | mahler | Composer who, through his works, extended the Viennese symphonic tradition into the twentieth century | |
| 138436529 | wagner | German composer of operas and inventor of the music drama in which drama and spectacle and music are fused | |
| 138436530 | claude debussy | impressionist music | |
| 138436531 | igor stravinsky | composer, wrote Rite of Spring, expressionist ballet, shocked crowds because of music and scenes | |
| 138436532 | the rite of spring | stravinksi, scenes of pagan russia. primitivistic rhythms and mood, expanded ensemble. russian and baltic folk songs. newly composed, musical motives. dance of the youths and maidens. game of abductions | |
| 138436533 | nietzsche | influential German philosopher remembered for his concept of the superman and for his rejection of Christian values | |
| 138436534 | thus spake zarathrusta | neitzche's poem criticizing democracy and christianity | |
| 138436535 | ubermensch | [ Nietzsche ] Also known as Overman, who would embody horoism and greatness. However, he was critical of racism and anti-semitism. | |
| 138436536 | beyond good and evil | [ Nietzsche ] Sought to discover the psychological sources of the judgment of good and evil. No morals, but instead moral interpretation. Humans could now create a new moreal order glorifying pride and strength rather than meekness and humility. | |
| 138436537 | freud | who thought that: as members of social groups, we must control our sexual and aggressive impulses, not just act them out. but sometimes the ego fears losing control of this inner war b/w demands of the id and superego, and the result is a dark cloud of unfocused anxiety, which leaves us feeling unsettled but unsure why. | |
| 138436538 | psychoanalysis | Freud's theory of personality that attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts; the techniques used in treating psychological disorders by seeking to expose and interpret unconscious tensions | |
| 138436539 | the interpretation of dreams | a book by Sigmund Freud presented the theory of dream analysis which was considered to be the royal road to the unconsciousness | |
| 138436540 | unconscious | according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories | |
| 138436541 | ego | the largely conscious, "executive" part of personality that, according to Freud, mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. it operates on the reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain | |
| 138436542 | superego | the part of personality that, according to Freud, represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgment (the conscience) and for future aspirations | |
| 138436543 | id | contains a reservoir of unconscious psychic energy that, according to Freud, strives to satisfy basic sexual and aggressive drives. it operates on the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification | |
| 138436544 | carl jung | neo-Freudian, adopted ideas such as ego and superego from Freud, but disagreed on his theory of unconscious, and proposed collective unconscious that contains collective archetypes or representations; inherited from previous generations and contains universally shared ancestral experiences and ideas | |
| 138436545 | weber | bureaucratization, German physiologist who studied sensory responses to stimuli and is considered the father of psychophysics | |
| 138436547 | biological determinism | chamberlain, argument that biological differences between different human populations explained their different ways of life or , put another way, that a group's way of life was determined by its distinct, innate biological makeup. | |
| 138436548 | karl lueger | christian socialist party, Mayor of Vienna, preached anti-Semitism and appealed to lower middle class and inspired Hitler | |
| 138436549 | dreyfus affair | france, Incident in France where a Jewish captain was tried for treason because they military was anti-Semitic, and it divided the country | |
| 138436550 | pogroms | organized campaigns of violence against Jews permitted by Russian government officials; spread the persecution of Jews | |
| 138436551 | zionism | A worldwide movement, originating in the 19th century that sought to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Since 1948, its function has been to support the state of Israel. | |
| 138436552 | herzl | father of Zionism, wrote The Jewish State about the establishment of a hometown in Palestine. | |
| 138436553 | unchanged | even with science, women's roles for the most part were _________ | |
| 138436554 | contagious diseases acts | allowed authorities to check prostitutes for diseases; if confirmed with one, they were confined in lock hospitals to be given moral instruction but oppostion by middle-class reformers soon arose--Butler & "shrieking sisters" objected to laws that punished women but not men--repeal in 1886 | |
| 138436556 | virginia woolf | a room of one's own | |
| 138764096 | france austria | the 2 states most affected by german/italian unification | |
| 138764097 | non-Muslims | the hatti-i humayun spelled out the rights of __________ (equal before law now) in the ottoman empire after the crimean war | |
| 138764098 | tanzimat | era of reorganization in the ottoman empire | |
| 138764099 | bureaucratization | The process by which a group, organization, or social movement increasingly relies on technical-rational decision making in the pursuit of efficiency. |
