Mid Sixteenth Century-Late Eighteenth Century
A selection of the bolded terms in the 2008 Princeton Review.
Chapter 8- AP Euro; 8 The Age of Expansion and the Rise of Monarchical States
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| 1817266775 | Events leading to the scientific revolution | 1. Discovery of the New World 2. Invention of the Printing Press 3. Rivalry among Nation-States 4. Reformation 5. Renaissance Humanism | 0 | |
| 1817266776 | scholasticism | A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. | 1 | |
| 1817266777 | Copernicus | Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe | 2 | |
| 1817266778 | Brahe | Amassed nearly 20 years worth of astrological data that eventually led to the disproval of the geocentric theory. | 3 | |
| 1817266779 | Kepler | German astronomer and mathematician. Considered the founder of modern astronomy. Three Laws of Planetary Motion | 4 | |
| 1817266780 | Principia | Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good. | 5 | |
| 1817266781 | Issac Newton | British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, invented differential calculus, and wrote "Principia" | 6 | |
| 1817266782 | Galileo | constructed the telescope. | 7 | |
| 1817266783 | Bacon | Inductive Reasoning. (observation,experiment, hypothesis, and conclusion) | 8 | |
| 1817266784 | Descartes | Used deductive reasoning (reasoning through previously know facts) "I think, therefore I am" | 9 | |
| 1817266785 | Pascal | French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662) | 10 | |
| 1817266786 | Hobbes | English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote Leviathan | 11 | |
| 1817266787 | Leviathan | written by English professor Thomas Hobbes, maintained that sovereignity is ultimately derived from the people, who transfer it to the monarchy by implicit contraction. | 12 | |
| 1817266788 | absolutism | The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally. | 13 | |
| 1817266789 | Locke | Human Personalities developed through experience. Believed each person entered the word as a blank page (tabula rusa) | 14 | |
| 1817266790 | social contract | an implicit agreement among people that results in the organization of society, individual surrenders liberty in return for protection | 15 | |
| 1817266791 | Two Treatises on Government | Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was the duty of the people to rebel. | 16 | |
| 1817266792 | tabula rasa | John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas. | 17 | |
| 1817266793 | Immanuel Kant | influential German idealist philosopher (1724-1804) "Dare to Know" | 18 | |
| 1817266794 | philosophes | Thinkers of the Enlightenment; Wanted to educate the socially elite, but not the masses; were not allowed to openly criticize church or state, so used satire and double-meaning in their writings to avoid being banned; Salons held by wealthy women also kept philosophes safe; They considered themselves part of an intellectual community, and wrote back and forth to each other to share ideas. | 19 | |
| 1817266795 | Voltaire | Challenged the Catholic Church and Christian religious doctrines. Deist | 20 | |
| 1817266796 | Montesquieu | French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755), wrote spirit of laws 1. republics for small states, 2. Monarchies for medium states. 3, Despotism for large empires | 21 | |
| 1817266798 | Diderot | Published work of many philosphes in his Encyclopedia. He hoped it would help people think more rationally and critically. | 22 | |
| 1817266799 | Rousseau | (1712-1778) process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature, evil of the world founded upon uneven distribution of property, real purpose of society was to nurture better people, wrote the Social Contract | 23 | |
| 1817266800 | general will | According to Rousseau the general will is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power. | 24 | |
| 1817266802 | Hume | Treatise on Human Nature (truth can only come through evidence and factual observation) | 25 | |
| 1817266803 | Adam Smith | Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790), wrote "wealth of Nations" (physiocrat) | 26 | |
| 1817266804 | salons | aristocratic and upper middle class urban elite women were involved. Hosted by women so they could learn. | 27 | |
| 1817266805 | Wollstonecraft | feminist advocated equal education for women, wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women" | 28 | |
| 1817266806 | Enlightened Absolutist | Absolutist monarchs who incorporated Enlightenment ideas without giving up their control | 29 | |
| 1822800296 | Handel | composed operas such as Orfeo and oratorios such as Messiah | 30 | |
| 1822800297 | Deism | belief centered around a God who had created the universe, set it to operation, and stepped aside and let it run. Rational, Orderly God | 31 | |
| 1822904982 | Fontenelle | sought to make new science entertaining to a mass audience-- (skepticism towards divine right) | 32 | |
| 1822924413 | Catherine the Great | extended Russia's territorial holdings at the expense of the Crimean Tatar | 33 |
