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| 33242974 | Spices | These came from the East (India, Indonesia) and were the main source of income for Europe They were used for flavoring and preserving food as well as medicinal purposes, and thus were in high demand by the upper class. Shipping them across the Mediterranean from Beirut made Venice wealthy, and the Spice trade in general led to many innovations in shipping and navigating. | 0 | |
| 33242975 | caravels | small, fast three-masted Portuguese ships used for long distances | 1 | |
| 33242976 | Prince Henry the Navigator | (1394-1460) This ruler of Portugal was an energetic and innovative man who took an interest in navigation, making it possible for his subjects to accomplish many things, such as rounding the Horn of Good Hope in order to trade directly with the East. Unfortunately, he did not live to see many of his country's achievements in exploration and navigation. | 2 | |
| 33242977 | Vasco da Gama | A decade after Bartolomeu Diaz, this explorer took two years to go around Africa to the Indies. Many similar expeditions followed, after de Gama's had proved lucrative, and when one of these was blown off-course, Brazil was discovered. | 3 | |
| 33242978 | Diaz | This Portuguese navigator was the first European to sail around the tip of Africa and thus opened the Eastern coast of Africa to subsequent Portuguese traders. | 4 | |
| 33242979 | Role of Papacy in Age of Exploration | The papacy was in Rome during the Age of Exploration, and held much of the land north of Rome. The Papacy declared the Line of Papal Demarcation in South America, and was attacked when unpaid German mercenaries sacked Rome and captured the Pope in 1527. | 5 | |
| 33242980 | Alfonso de Alburquerque | A Portuguese general who captured strategic ports of the Middle East and India at the beginning of the 16th century. At the time, the Portuguese strategy was to protect investments in the East with military posts, using force only when necessary and using native feuds to their advantage. | 6 | |
| 33242981 | Lisbon | An important port city in Portugal, from which many conquistadores, explorers, and spice traders came and went. It became a trading capital of the world at the beginning of the 16th century, tripling in population between 1500 and 1550. | 7 | |
| 33242982 | Antwerp | This city in Brabant replaced Lisbon as the principle market for Eastern spices, as Portugal went into dept (the increases supply had lowered the price of spices, and the Portuguese now had an expensive far-flung empire to maintain.) | 8 | |
| 33242983 | Treaty of Tordesillas | (1494) This was an agreement that confirmed Portugal's right to the Eastern route to the Indies, and any land east of a fixed imaginary line that entitled Portugal to Brazil. Spain received the land west of this line. At the time, it seemed as though Portugal had the better end of the bargain, until the Spanish explored the rest of South America. | 9 | |
| 33242984 | Papal Line of Demarcation | This was an agreement that confirmed Portugal's right to the Eastern route to the Indies, and any land east of a fixed imaginary line that entitled Portugal to Brazil. Spain received the land west of this line. At the time, it seemed as though Portugal had the better end of the bargain, until the Spanish explored the rest of South America. There were two such agreements, but this was the first and gave dramatically less land in South America to Portugal. | 10 | |
| 33242985 | Magellan (1519) | Though he did not survive the entire voyage, Magellan's ship was the first to completely circumnavigate the world; he sailed under the tip of South Africa to reach the Philippines, where he was killed in local warfare. His navigator, Elcano, brought the ship home after the treacherous three year journey. | 11 | |
| 33242986 | 3 reasons for the crown's sponsorship of exploration | The crown wanted to convert native peoples to Christianity, to conquer new lands, and to make a profit in the process. Thus, missionaries followed the explorers, and new colonies were set up, generally using slave labor from the indigenous people. | 12 | |
| 33242987 | Conquistadores | These men were generally younger sons of Spanish nobility who settled in the Carribean on haciendas. Younger daughters of lesser nobility were sometimes sent to look for husbands there. Some conquistadores were not satisfied with this success, which led to the conquering of the Aztec. | 13 | |
| 33242988 | Amsterdam | The port city of Holland, which was a part of the Holy Roman Empire. It became a center of trade later in the Age of Exploration because Holland was a center of banking. Holland was considered one of the "Low Countries" which were the prosperous western areas of the Holy Roman Empire. | 14 | |
| 33242989 | astrolabe | An instrument used for measuring latitude which directly affected temperature and weather sailors would encounter. This device was important to navigators during the Age of Exploration who had limited technology. | 15 | |
| 33242990 | Colombian Exchange | This was the (often accidental) transfer of microbes, plants, and animals between Europe and the Americas. Europe brought devastating germs that the Native Americans had never been exposed to, while the European men contracted syphilis, which they brought back to Europe. The Europeans also brought livestock, and collected plants to bring back, such as potatoes and tomatoes. | 16 | |
| 33242991 | domesticated animals | These included cattle, horses, and pigs, and were a contribution to the Americas from the Columbian Exchange that changed the agriculture, diet, and even warfare among the Native Americans. | 17 | |
| 33242992 | potato and tomato | These were two of the plants brought from the Americas to Europe. In Central Europe, potatoes became a nutritious staple food for laborers, and in Ireland they became the national crop. Tomatoes were grown in southern Italy, where they became an indispensible part of the cuisine. | 18 | |
| 33242993 | God, Gold, and Glory | These were the three motivating factors behind the majority of exploration and conquest during the Age of Exploration. Europeans wanted to spread Christianity, often through Jesuit or Dominican missionaries. New routes to the Spice trade, and successful haciendas, or plantations, in South America and the Caribbean brought in a great deal of revenue. Back in Europe, these navigators and conquerors got a great deal of glory in the form of books, songs, and widely spread stories on their accomplishments. | 19 | |
| 33242994 | Apologetic History of the Indies (1550) | This book was written by Bartolomé de las Casas, a Dominican monk, about the complex and valuable societies whose destruction he witnessed at the hands of Europeans. Unfortunately, few Europeans were far-sighted enough to see the value in preserving the indigenous cultures they encountered. | 20 | |
| 33242995 | wealth of Eastern Europe | The North-Eastern corner of Europe, especially Denmark, were very rich and powerful because of their position to trade on both the Baltic and North seas. Poland-Lithuania was an enormous territory went from the Baltic to the Black Sea.The boundaries of Europe were formed by the wealthy and powerful Ottoman, Russian, and Mongol Empires. | 21 | |
| 33242996 | reconquista | This was an effort by Spanish Christians to re-claim the Iberian Peninsula, which involved pushing the Moors out of southern Spain (Granada) as well as the Jews out of Spain. This ended in 1492, leaving the Iberian Peninsula divided into several kingdoms, including Portugal, Aragon, and Castile. | 22 | |
| 33242997 | War of the Roses (1455-1485) | This was a war between the Lancaster and York families of England. Ultimately it was ended by Henry VII, who killed Richard III (brother of Edward IV of York) and who married Elizabeth of York. | 23 | |
| 33242998 | Henry VII | One of the new monarchs, this English king managed to consolidate a lot of the power in his country for the king. He first won the War of the Roses, fighting Richard III, of the York family, and thus won the crown. He married Elizabeth of York, and secured a hereditary monarchy, so that his son and two of his grand-daughters all ruled, without war to determine who would inherit the crown. | 24 | |
| 33242999 | Conditions of Europe that hindered unification | In the Iberian Peninsula, until the Reconquista, religious differences and the connection of religion and state made unification very difficult. France was surrounded by enemies who fought it constantly, while internally, semi-independent princes ruled their own provinces. Nobility did not want to give up power, and peasantry were suspicious of monarchy. Also, many regions were separated by very distinct dialects, so that translators were needed. The conditions were similar in England and other countries. Somehow, though, England, Spain and France were united. | 25 | |
| 33243000 | importance of gun powder | When the conquistadores fought the Aztecs, who had no experience with guns, they won mostly because of the fear and noise the guns and gunpowder caused. The same thing happened when the Inca were conquered. Later, da Gama was forced to flee Asia by the use of guns there, then returned and conquered the area using cannons and guns on warships. Also, the use of gunpowder for cannons made castles obsolete. | 26 | |
| 33243001 | boyars | These were the hereditary nobility of Muscovy, who had a great deal of power there. They were treated terribly by Ivan the Terrible, who stripped many of life, status, and/or property, and appointed new ones who owed him allegiance. | 27 | |
| 33243002 | Ivan the Terrible | This king of Muscovy defeated the Mongols and added a great deal to his kingdom. He did not, however, conquer Livonia, a port on the Baltic sea which he desperately wanted. He was known as terrible for his treatment of boyars, the hereditary nobility in Muscovy, as he abused, killed, and/or transplanted them and then replaced them with others who were loyal to him. | 28 | |
| 33243003 | Battle of Bosworth Field (1485) | This battle was between Richard III and Henry Tudor, and Richard was killed in battle. Thus the War of the Roses effectively ended with Henry Tudor taking the crown and putting the pieces of the country back together as a new monarch. | 29 | |
| 33243004 | Thomas Cromwell | The chief minister of Henry VIII of England. This man centralized the government, dividing administration into departments by purpose. The heads of each department made up the Privy Council, and were important advisors to the king. He also saw the importance of Parliament, as laws decided by Parliament had more impact than proclamations by the king. | 30 | |
| 33243005 | Louis XI | This king of France contributed the most to the consolidation of France. He was often under-estimated as he didn't buy into flashy fashions, and as a result was greatly successful. As many men of the French nobility were killed fighting England and each other, and law dictated that estates without male heirs were inherited by the crown, Louis XI accumulated a great deal of land. He acquired Anjou, Maine, and Bourbon when they had no male heirs, and Brittany and Orleans by arranging marriages involving his children. | 31 | |
| 33243006 | taille and gabelle | Literally, "tax." In France, this was the royal tax on commodities, which nobility and clergy were exempt from. Revenue from this tax remained constant, while royal spending rose 60% between 1600 and 1620. The gabelle was a consumption tax on salt. | 32 | |
| 33243007 | Spanish Inquisition | A terrifying period of interrogation regarding heresy, in which many people were tortured, convicted and killed. This was spurred by fear of witches, heretics, Jews, and Muslims and was a byproduct of the reconquista. | 33 | |
| 33243008 | Treaty of Cateau-Cambresis (1559) | This ended 60 years of conflict between the Valois (Charles VIII, then Francis I, then Henry II of France) and the Hapsburgs (Charles V). At this point, both sides were spent in money and energy, and there was no clear winner. Only Henry II celebrated, viewing the treaty as a victory, and he died in a celebratory jousting tournament. | 34 | |
| 33243009 | Charles V | The Holy Roman Emperor, ruler of Habsburg in Austria and Germany, who was a great rival of Francis I, king of France. Milan was part of the Holy Roman Empire when Francis I invaded it, so Charles V was forced to send assistance. Thus, the Hapsburg-Vallois wars began. | 35 |
