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| 219875551 | Prester John | Imaginary king of a magical Christian kingdom in Africa | |
| 219875552 | "The Travels of John Mandeville" | book that was an early example of fantasy travel lit. Described land of giants, treasure, and witches | |
| 219875553 | Marco Polo | trader from Venice who visited court of Kublai Khan, wrote the "Travels" about Asia | |
| 219875554 | "God, gold, glory" | God-Explorers, especially those from Spain and Portugal, had a crusading mindset. Major goal of many (Henry the Navigator) was to convert heathens to Catholicism. Gold- Mongol empire allowed more European traders to travel to Eastern Asia§ Ottoman Turks broke up Mongol Empire and restricted European access to the East. To get around this, Europeans began searching for a sea route to Asia. Sought cheaper trade and wealth, also gold from new world. Glory- New, popular fantasy literature about fantastic, faraway lands (Some lands held monstrous creatures or precious items, some were mysterious Christian lands) inspired explorers. Also sought to gain favor and glory from monarchs. | |
| 219875555 | portolani | charts made by medieval navigators and mathematicians that were more useful than medieval maps. However, they didn't account for round world and were inaccurate on longer voyages. | |
| 219875556 | Ptolemy's "Geography" | He was an Arab astronomer in the 2nd century. His map reached Europe in the 15th century, where its small spherical model of Earth convinced adventurers they could sail west to reach Asia. | |
| 219875557 | lateen sails and square rigs | 2 technological advances that allowed ships to now be nimble enough to sail against the wind, engage in combat, but still be large enough to carry lots of cargo and cannons, which increased their capacity for trade | |
| 219875558 | compass and astrolabe | New navigational aids that helped sailors determine their position, especially below the equator, and allowed them to explore with confidence | |
| 219875559 | Prince Henry the Navigator | He sponsored Portuguese exploration of African coast, founded school for navigators, sought a Christian kingdom in Africa as an ally against Muslims, wanted to acquire trade opportunities, and spread Christianity. | |
| 219875560 | the Gold Coast | Area along southern part of West Africa where Portuguese traders discovered gold. They leased land from local traders and built forts on the coast to promote trade in gold, ivory, and slaves. | |
| 219875561 | Bartholomeu Dias | Portuguese explorer who first rounded the southern tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope, but returned to Europe, fearing a mutiny | |
| 219875562 | Vasco de Gama and Calicut | 10 years after Dias, he rounded the Cape, stopped at East African Muslim ports, sailed to Calicut, India. Gained spices, which he sold in Europe for huge profit. | |
| 219875563 | Alfonso de Albuquerque | set up Goa, Portuguese base in India. Sailed to Malacca on Malay Peninsula, a Muslim port. Portuguese seized city, which helped destroy Arab Spice Trade and give Portuguese a base to the Moluccas (Spice Islands) and China. | |
| 219875564 | Malacca | A Muslim port on the Malay Peninsula captured by Portuguese explorer Alfonso de Albuquerque. It was an important point because it controlled the strait which led into the Spice Islands. Gave Portuguese a base from which to launch ships to China and the Spice Islands. | |
| 219875565 | Spice Islands | Also known as the Moluccas, Europeans purchased many spices here, and fought for control of trading ports | |
| 219875566 | Christopher Columbus | Italian, but sailed for Spanish under Queen Isabella. With 90 men, and the Nina, the Pinta, and the Santa Maria, he explored islands in the Caribbean. He believed he had found Asia, and he would find gold and convert natives (Indians) to Christianity. He made four voyages and died believing he was in Asia. | |
| 219875567 | John Cabot | Explored New England coastline for England under Henry VII. | |
| 219875568 | Vasco Nunez de Balboa | Spanish explorer who led an expedition across the Isthmus of Panama and reached the Pacific Ocean | |
| 219875569 | Ferdinand Magellan | Spanish explorer, First circumnavigation- sailed under South America, across Pacific Ocean to Philippines (Magellan killed by natives), one ship returned to Spain | |
| 219875570 | Treaty of Tordesillas | 1494, split New World into Spanish and Portuguese areas (with line of demarcation), giving Spain South America and Portugal route around Cape of Good Hope. Reflected Portuguese goals for trade and increased wealth, and Spanish goals for colonization and spread of Catholicism. | |
| 219875571 | Hernan Cortes and Moctezuma | Spanish conquistador who sailed to Mexico and marched on Tenochtitlan, gaining allies on the way. He received a friendly welcome and offerings of gold from Aztec leader ______ who believed him to be a god. The Spanish took _________ hostage and pillaged the city, escaping when the Aztecs revolted. However, smallpox decimated the population, allowing the conquistador to return to the city with his allies and rebuild it under Spanish control. | |
| 219875572 | the Aztecs and Tenochtitlan | These people were outstanding warriors, built many public buildings and roads, and consolidated their large territory surrounding their capital. Their capital city was called _____, and it was built in present-day Mexico in the middle of a lake. | |
| 219875573 | the Inca and Pachakuti | These people were a civilization of great builders living in the Andes Mountains of Peru. _____ was a ruler in the 1440s who conquered the entire region, created a centralized state divided into quarters and provinces, and upgraded the capital, Cuzco | |
| 219875574 | Francisco Pizarro | Spanish conquistador who landed on the Pacific coast of South America with steel weapons, gunpowder, horses, and 180 men. He took advantage of smallpox outbreak, bad weapons, and civil war to capture Atahualpa, recent winner of the civil war. They executed Atahualpa, marched on Cuzco, and captured the city. He then moved the capital to Lima, and set up a Spanish colony. | |
| 219875575 | encomienda | system instituted by Queen Isabella that allowed Spaniards to collect tribute and force natives to work. In return, they were supposed to provide safety, wages, and religious needs. However, Spaniards didn't listen to the gov., and used Indian labor brutally for their own economic interests. Hard labor killed many natives. | |
| 219875576 | the viceroy and audiencias | Spanish administrative system for the New World. 2 main viceroys: New Spain in Mexico City (Mexico, Central America, Caribbean) and Peru in Lima (Western South America). Viceroy is king's chief military and civil officer. They were aided by advisory groups called audiencias who also functioned as supreme judicial bodies. | |
| 219875577 | Boers and Capetown | Dutch farmers who settled in areas outside the city of ______ (a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope meant to serve as a base to provide provisions to Dutch ships en route to the Spice Islands); these settlers were attracted by the area's moderate climate and freedom from tropical diseases. | |
| 219875578 | slave trade and the Middle Passage | (Sorry this is so long) 1.Traffic in slaves was not new; in the 15th century, African slaves were sent to Middle East and many European countries where they served as household help or agricultural workers. Discovery of the Americas in 1490s and the planting of sugar cane in South America and Caribbean changed slavery. Sugar cane trade required skill and large amounts of labor; the small American Indian population in the New World had been decimated by disease so not sufficient help; African slaves began to be shipped to Brazil and Caribbean to work on sugar plantations. As many as 10 million slaves transported to the Americas between 16th and 19th centuries. Europeans they bought slaves from local African merchants at slave markets in return for gold, guns, or other goods such as textiles or utensils. Local slave traders obtained their supply from nearby regions, but as demand increased, they moved farther inland to find their victims; some local rulers became upset by trade and fact that it was depopulating their kingdoms; many local rulers viewed the slave trade as a source of income. African middlemen - merchants, local elites or rulers - were active in the slave trade process and were able to dictate the price and number of slaves to European purchasers 2.the journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas (middle leg of the triangular trade route); high death rate (nearly 10%) due to horrible conditions - 300 to 450 per ship, chained in holds without sanitary facilities or room to stand; 100 day journey to Americas; those who survived had little or no immunity to new diseases | |
| 219875579 | the triangular trade | Connected Europe, Africa and the American continents to form new Atlantic Economy. European merchant ships (England, France, Spain, Portugal, Dutch) carried European manufactured goods (guns, gin, cloth) to Africa; goods traded for a cargo of slaves; slaves shipped to the Americas and sold. European merchants bought tobacco, molasses, sugar, rum, coffee, raw cotton and shipped them back to Europe. | |
| 219875580 | "sugar factories" | or sugar plantations - played a prominent role; by the last two decades of the 18th century, British colony Jamaica was producing 50,000 tons of sugar annually with slave labor of 200,000 blacks; French colony of St. Domingue (now Haiti) had 500,000 slaves working on 3,000 plantations, producing 100,000 tons of sugar annually; slaves treated brutally and had a high death rate; first successful slave uprising occurred on St. Domingue in 1793 | |
| 219875581 | Dutch East India Company | a trading company established in 1602 under govt. sponsorship; set up a settlement at the Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town, , Joint stock company that obtained government monopoly over trade in Asia; acted as virtually independent government in regions it claimed., A company founded by the Dutch in the early 17th century to establish and direct trade throughout Asia. Richer and more powerful than England's company, they drove out the English and Established dominance over the region. It ended up going bankrupt and being bought out by the British | |
| 219875582 | Batavia | (modern day Jakarta) Dutch began to consolidate their political and military control over the entire area; on the island of Java they established a fort here, found it necessary to bring the inland regions under their control to protect their position. Dutch East India Company established pepper plantations on Java and Sumatra; by end of 18th century, Dutch controlled almost the entire Indonesian archipelago. | |
| 219875583 | Mughal Empire | Mughals came from the mountains north of the Ganges River Valley; Babur, the founder, was a descendent of Asian conqueror Tamerlane and Mongol conqueror Genghis Khan; Babur's grandson, Akbar (1556-1605), brought Mughal rule to most of India, creating the greatest dynasty in over 2,000 years | |
| 219948852 | Effects of the Slave Trade | E- Economic effect as importation of cheap manufactured goods from Europe undermined local cottage industries, forcing families into poverty; S-Society of Friends (Quakers) began to criticize slavery in the 1770s and excluded from their church any member who engaged in slave trade; this started to sway European sentiment against slavery French abolished slavery at end of French Revolution in late 1790s; British in 1807. Slavery continued in US until the Civil War P-Political effects as the need to maintain a constant supply of slaves led to increased warfare and violence - chiefs armed with guns from trade increased raids and wars on neighboring peoples to maintain supply of slaves; led to depopulation of some areas, and deprived many African communities of their youngest and strongest |
