flashcards on the Age of Napoleon and the Triumph of Romanticism
Terms : Hide Images
| 270295893 | coup d'etat | the event staged by the anti-monarchist Directory, in which they put their own supporters into the legislative seats their opponents ad won, imposed censorship, and exiled some of their enemies | |
| 270295894 | Corsica | where Napoleon was from, born into a poor family of lesser nobles as the second son | |
| 270295895 | Napoleon (Bonaparte) | the politically astute general who had been a radical during the early revolution, a victorious commander in Italy, and a supporter of the repression of revolutionary disturbances after Thermidor; he consolidated the achievements of the revolutions but also repudiated them by forming an empire, drawing France into wars of conquest, and provoked popular nationalism from many countries that eventually defeated him | |
| 271707564 | (Treaty of) Campo Formio | the 1797 treaty that Napoleon issued against the will of Paris, that took Austria out of the war, redistributed territory along the Rhine, and dominated all of Italy and Switzerland | |
| 271707565 | (Horatio) Nelson | the British admiral who crushed the French fleet at Abukir in 1798, and later again at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 (which made him a war hero because he died in the battle) | |
| 271707566 | (Abbe) Sieyes | the author of the pamphlet "What is the Third Estate?" who wanted an executive body independent of the whims of electoral politics, a government based on the principle of "confidence from below, power from above", and organized the second coup d'etat in 1799 that Napoleon then took over | |
| 271707567 | Constitution of (the) Year VIII | Napoleon's 1799 constitution that used universal male suffrage, democratic principles, checks and balances, and established the Consulate | |
| 271707568 | (the) Consulate | the government system of France 1799-1804, similar to that of the Roman Caesars, that ended the revolution of France with the majority of the population's goals satisfied | |
| 271707569 | Treaty of Amiens | the treaty that brought temporary peace to Europe in 1802 between Britain and France, after the Second Coalition had dissolved and Britain was left alone | |
| 271707570 | (Pope) Pius VII | the pope that Napoleon made peace with because of his statement that Christianity was compatible with the ideals of equality and democracy | |
| 271707571 | Concordat | the agreement between the Roman Catholic Church and Napoleon that gave Catholicism back to the people, but made the clergy swear loyalty to the state and made the state superior to the Church, reducing its privileged position | |
| 271707572 | Napoleonic Code | Napoleon's 1802 reform of French law to give himself full power, safeguarding property and abolishing birth rights, and holding conservative attitudes towards labor and women | |
| 271707573 | primogeniture | the right of the eldest son to inherit most or all of his parents' property, that was abolished with the Napoleonic Code | |
| 271707574 | Napoleon I | Napoleon's new title as the emperor of France after he crowned himself in 1804 | |
| 271707575 | Haiti | the rebellious new world colony that France sent an army to restore order to | |
| 271707576 | William Pitt the Younger | Britain's prime minister who constructed the Third Coalition against France | |
| 271707577 | (Battle of) Trafalgar | the great naval victory of the British that ended all French hope of invading Britain and guaranteed British control of the sea for the rest of the war | |
| 271707578 | Austerlitz | Napoleon's greatest victory, where he defeated the combined Austrian and Russian forces and forced the Treaty of Pressburg, which turned Italy from Austrian to French possession | |
| 271707579 | Berlin Decree(s) | Napoleon's ban on all importation of British goods for France and its allies | |
| 271707580 | Treaty of Tilsit | the peace made on a raft in the Niement river between Tsar Alexander I and Napoleon, which confirmed France's gains, Prussia losing half of its territory, and an alliance between the three countries | |
| 271707581 | Milan Decree | the 1807 act that attempted to stop neutral nationas from trading with Britain, which did little to hurt Britain because of their overseas ports, and instead badly hurt the European economies and helped bring on Napoleon's ruin | |
| 271707582 | (the) Continental System | the economy that Napoleon instituted with the Milan Decree, which was intended to enrich France rather than Europe generally | |
| 271707583 | nationalism | one of the basic features of the Romantic Movement, that took hold in Germany especially for the first time | |
| 271707584 | Jena | the battle that convinced the Russians to make peace with France, and gave Prussia patriotic feelings and the realization that they had to change to survive, including reforms that introduced conscription | |
| 271707585 | Spain | the country who had deep social roots of resistance towards France, and whose guerrilla warfare tactics slowly drained French strength from elsewhere and hastened Napoleon's eventual defeat | |
| 271707586 | Portugal | the country traditionally allied to Britain that Napoleon attempted to force to abandon its alliance, but failed | |
| 271707587 | Peace of Schonbrunn | the treaty after the Battle of Wagram, which was fought because Austria falsely believed that Napoleon's efforts in Spain had lessened his control in France, that deprived Austria in 1809 of much territory and 3.5 million subjects | |
| 271707588 | Marie Louise | the Austrian archduchess, daughter of Emperor Francis I, who Napoleon married due to dynastic ambitions and desire for a royal marriage | |
| 271707589 | Confederation of the Rhine | the Confederation that included most of the western German prince that led to the disintegration of the Holy Roman Empire, allowing Francis II to declare himself Emperor Francis I of Austria | |
| 271707590 | Scorched earth (policy) | the methods that the Russians used to draw out Napoleon's army, leave them poorly supplied, and make it a brutal trip back home that would leave only 100,000 of 600,000 original troops | |
| 271707591 | Borodino | the city outside of Moscow where Russian general Mikhail Kutuzov staged his defense and fought the bloodiest battle of the Napoleonic era, losing twice as many troops as Napoleon, although the army wasn't destroyed and the battle was considered a strategic defeat for Napoleon | |
| 271707592 | Leipzig | where the Battle of the Nations was fought between Spain, Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia against the French where Napoleon was defeated and exiled in 1814 | |
| 271707593 | Elba | the island that Napoleon was exiled to in 1814 | |
| 271707594 | Quadruple Alliance | the twenty year long alliance between Britain, Austria, Russia, and Prussia to preserve whatever settlement they agreed upon | |
| 271707595 | Treaty of Chaumont | the 1814 treaty that provided for the restoration of the Bourbons to the French throne and the contraction of France to its frontiers of 1792 | |
| 271707596 | Congress of Vienna | the assembly that met from 1814-1815 that restored the French Bourbon monarchy, and a nonvindictive boundary settlement to keep France happy, established the Netherlands to check the French, gave Austria northern Italy, Russia part of Poland, and Prussia part of Saxony | |
| 271707597 | Talleyrand | the wily representative of France at Vienna that made France a fifth great power in all deliberations | |
| 271707598 | Waterloo | Napoleon's final defeat in Belgium, 1815, in which he seized the opportunity from his escape from Elba to take control of the still-loyal French army and tried to make peace with the other countries, but was crushed by the British and Prussians and exiled to Saint Helena | |
| 271707599 | (the) Hundred Days | the period of Napoleon's return, that frightened great powers and made the peace settlement harsher for France | |
| 271707600 | (the) Holy Alliance | the alliance that Tsar Alexander I proposed, whereby the monarchs promised to act together in accordance with Christian Principles, although Britain abstained from signing it | |
| 271707601 | Romanticism | the reaction against much of the thought of the Enlightenment, in which writers and artists saw the imagination as a means to perceive and understand the world, there was a revival of Christianity and the medieval ages, and a new interest arose in folklore and fairy tales | |
| 271707602 | Sturm and Drang | the dramatic German poetry movement | |
| 271707603 | Emile | Rousseau's work that distinguished the stages of human maturation and urged that children be raised with maximum individual freedom, and that men and women should grow into separate spheres | |
| 271707604 | (Jean-Jacques) Rousseau | the Romantic who saw humankind, nature, and society as organically interrelated, and believed in a natural society, and thought that society and material prosperity had corrupted human nature | |
| 271707605 | (Immanuel) Kant | the man who accepted rationalism but still preserved a belief in freedom, immortality, and God, because he believed that humans were not actually a blank slate but categorized sensory experience through their internal personality; the wrote both the Critique of Pure Reason and the Critique of Practical Reason | |
| 271707606 | categorical imperative | the innate sense of moral duty that Kant believed all humans had, part of the "noumenal" world of moral and aesthetic reality and conscience | |
| 271707607 | (Samuel Taylor) Coleridge | the Romantic who believed the artist's imagination was God at work in the mind, was the master of Gothic poems of the supernatural, and rote "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" | |
| 271707608 | (William) Wordsworth | Coleridge's closest friend and fellow Romantic who believed that all human beings lose childlike vision and closeness to spiritual reality in the necessary process of maturation, and that the soul preexists in a celestial state before it is born and corrupted by aging | |
| 271707609 | (Lord) Byron | the rebellious Romantic who championed personal liberty, was outrageously skeptical and mocking, and wrote Don Juan with ribald humor acknowledging nature's cruelty as well as beauty | |
| 271707610 | William Lovell | the first German Romantic novel, which shows a life built upon love and imagination and how the cold, rational way of life corrupts such youth | |
| 271707611 | (Friedrich) Schlegel | author of Lucinde, that describes how a woman was the perfect friend and companion of the hero and who shocked contemporary morals by describing Lucinde as equal to males | |
| 271707612 | Goethe | the greatest German writer, who was a Romantic that also condemned its excesses, and wrote "The Sorrows of Young Werther", which was admired for emphasis on emotions, and "Faust" | |
| 271707613 | Faust | Goethe's masterpiece, a long dramatic poem that tells the story of a man who makes a pact with the devil selling his soul for knowledge, but in the end dedicates his life to improving mankind and is received by angels when he dies | |
| 271707614 | (John) Constable | the politically conservative Romantic artist who painted "Salisbury Cathedral, from the Meadows", which idealized rural life because it connected them to medieval society rather than industrialization | |
| 271707616 | Methodism | the revolt against deism and rationalism in the Church of England, embracing instead a heartfelt, inward religion and the possibility of Christian perfection in this life | |
| 271707617 | (John) Wesley | the founder of Methodism, who was studying to be an Anglican priest when the Moravians inspired him with their unshakable faith during a storm and then began to preach in the fields in western Europe and gained a large following, including by sending missionaries to the New World | |
| 271707618 | The Genius of Christianity | the most important books to express the disapproval of the religious policy of the revolution and the anticlericalism of the Enlightenment, which became known as the "bible of Romanticism" | |
| 271707619 | (Johann Gottfried) Herder | the critic of European colonialism that also rejected mechanical explanations of nature and viewed human beings and societies as organic, growing like plants; he opposed the use of a "common" language and "universal" institutions because he thought they were tyranny over individuality | |
| 271707620 | (Georg Wilhelm Friedrich) Hegel | the most important philosopher of history, who developed the model of periods of world history dominated by the thought that arose during them; he said that all periods of history were of equal importance and all cultures all valuable because each contributes to the necessary clash of values and ideas that allows humankind to develop | |
| 271707621 | thesis | a predominant set of ideas | |
| 271707622 | antithesis | the conflicting ideas from the prominent thought of a certain time period | |
| 271707623 | synthesis | the clash of the different thought patterns of a certain time, that brings about a new set of ideas to repeat the cycle of history | |
| 271707624 | (Thomas) Carlyle | the British historian who attributed positive qualities to Muhammad himself, viewed him as straightforward and sincere, and disliked the Enlightenment's disparagement of religion and spiritual values | |
| 271707625 | (the) Rosetta Stone | the artifact found by Napoleon's expedition to Egypt, that led to the deciphering of ancient Egypt's hieroglyphic writing | |
| 282180176 | (Lord) Castlereagh | the British foreign secretary that lead the Congress of Vienna and refused to participate in the Holy Alliance |
