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| 9030967974 | Napoleon III | elected as France's first president in 1848 he used liberal and nationalistic forces to strengthen France's power, at first he was dismissed as only being elected due to his namesake but he bided his time and when the National Assembly wouldn't allow him to run for reelection and revise the constitution he seized control, reinstated universal male suffrage, and ran to be reelected for ten years, he won named himself Emperor Napoleon III reinstating the Empire, he was authoritarian ruler and controlled the army, police, civil service and declare war the Legislative Corps could only effect the budget He worked on encouraging industrial growth and public works, improved medical care and housing and liberalized the government but was weak in foreign policy | 0 | |
| 9030967975 | Baron Houssman and Paris | under Napoleon III's rule Houssman set on reconstructing Paris, the old walls were destroyed updated wth broad roads, underground sewage system, new water supply and gas lights, the reconstruction also helped because the open roads made it easier for the military to come through to put down revolts | 1 | |
| 9030967976 | Mexico and Emperor Maximilian | Napoleon III attempted to enter Mexican markets and sent troops to Mexico to protect his interest in the area, he put Archeduke Maximillian of Austria as the new Emperor of Mexico, the French army then left to deal with European conflict and Maximilian was executed by the Mexican people. | 2 | |
| 9030967977 | Crimean War | the Ottoman Empire after the Greek and Serbian revolts was vulnerable and Russia moved in attempting to demand a right to protect Christian shrines, which was held by France, the Ottoman Empire refused Russia and war was declared on Russia, Britain and France sided with the Ottoman Empire to protect trade interest and the balance of power the Battle of Balaklava ended the war with the Ottomans winning, Russia had to give up territory and in the end the war was costly and damaging to all countries and broke up the Concert of Europe | 3 | |
| 9030967978 | Ottoman Empire | in the 19th century the Empire was in a decline, Greece and Serbia were free Hungary,Translyvania, Croatia and Slovenia had joined the Austrian Empire and the Russians were trying to claim Moldavia and Wallachia, the Ottoman Empire seemed to be dying and Europe was trying to move in and claim more land. | 4 | |
| 9030967979 | Dardanelles and Savastopol | Russia was trying to claim Daradnelles territory from Russia which would allow them to become a major power, Britain and France joined the war to prevent this from happening, and at the Battle of Balaklava the fortress at Sevastopol fell and symbolized the end of the war | 5 | |
| 9030967980 | Florence Nightingale | a nurse during the Crimean War her work saved many lives of British soldiers, her work introduced nursing as a possible career for middle class women and introduced new techniques in sanitation | 6 | |
| 9030967981 | Piedmont and the House of Savoy | was focused on as a center of Italian unification they were ruled by the Savoy family and the new king Count Camillo di Cavour seemed to be the perfect leader for the unification | 7 | |
| 9030967982 | Count Camillo di Cavour | Prime Minster of Piedmont he was the leader of the Italian unification movement, he was a liberal moderate who wanted a constitutional government, he focused on public works and stimulating the economy, he allied with Napoleon III to drive the Austrian out of Italy so the states could unify, in return France gained Italian territory and a kingdom in Central Italy | 8 | |
| 9030967983 | Battles of Magenta and Solferino | the French defeated the Austrians in these two main battles, and later made peace with Austria since Prussia was going to join and France could not win, so Piedmont only received the area of Lombardy but nationalist Italians took over the other states and joined Piedmont and Napoleon only received the territories of Nice and Savoy | 9 | |
| 9030967984 | Guiseppe Garibaldi and the Red Shirts | he was an Italian patriot of the Young Italy cause he raised an army of a thousand men who all wore red, he had a small army but managed to capture Naples and the Two Sicilies, and moved on to Rome but Cavour afraid of his intentions since Garbaldi was a democrat would cause issues with France Cavour's army entered the Papal States and took them and Naples, Garibaldi retired and the Two Sicilies and the Papal States joined Piedmont and the kingdom of Italy was created, Cavour died mere months after the unification | 10 | |
| 9030967985 | Zollverein | formed by Prussia it was a German customs union that eliminated tolls on member states it stimulated trade and the economy all German states but Austria had joined it and it led to states looking towards Prussia for guidance in unification of Germany | 11 | |
| 9030967986 | Count Otto von Bismarck | elected as Prime Minster during King William I's reign he thought the king was overly conservative and began too take control of German politics he guided German unification and was a moderate he reorganized the government ignored parliament and started three wars he used both nationalism and authoritarianism and liberalism in his rule | 12 | |
| 9030967987 | "Iron and Blood" and Realpolitik | Realpoltick was a German realist political movement that Bismarck used similar tactics to unify Germany he used military i.e. The iron and blood of the the people to win | 13 | |
| 9030967988 | Austro-Prussian War | Bismarck realized to gain power and unify Germany Austria had to accept Prussian domination, he isolated Austria by making alliances with Italy, Russia and promising land to France if Prussia won the war after a month of fighting Prussia won, Austria didn't lose territory but were now excluded from Germany | 14 | |
| 9030967989 | North German Confederation | created by the Austro-Prussian war it consisted of German states now controlled by Prussia each state kept its own local government but army and foreign policy was controlled by Prussian government | 15 | |
| 9030967990 | Franco-Prussian War | Bismarck's second war after gaining control of North Germany, France felt threatened by the strong German state and when Spain offered the throne to Prince Leopold which was related to the Prussian king France objected and forced Prussia to apologize for the perceived threat they refused France declared war and Prussia captured the French army and Napoleon III successfully ending the empire | 16 | |
| 9030967991 | Battles of Sadowa and Sedan | these two battles of the Franco-Prussian war showed Prussia's military strength and resulted in the capture of Napoleon III and Prussia's victory | 17 | |
| 9030967992 | Second German Empire | after the war the Southern German states joined the North German Confederation and at the Palace of Versailles Bismarck was declared emperor of the Second German Empire | 18 | |
| 9030967993 | Dual Monarchy | Austrian emperor Francis Joseph created a dual monarchy with Hungary which allowed each part of the empire to have it own constitution, bicameral legislature and its own capital and it would be held together by Francis Joseph at the head of both and a common army, bank and foreign policy controlled by him | 19 | |
| 9030967994 | Ausgleich | the Compromise of 1867 it created the Dual Monarchy and Hungary was virtually an independent nation in domestic affairs it didn't change much for the minorities and their states | 20 | |
| 9030967995 | Alexander II and the Serfs | The Tsar of Russia he aimed to overhaul the entire Russian system starting with serfdom and he abolished it allowing peasants to own land, marry participate in court the main issue was a lack of land the peasants were also expected to pay the government back for their freedom and land and the reform didn't change much | 21 | |
| 9030967996 | Zemstvos | a system of local assemblies created by Alexander II and the representatives were elected by the people most were nobles and they controlled public services and could levy taxes | 22 | |
| 9030967997 | the People's Will | a group of radicals who assassinated Alexander II in 1881 | 23 | |
| 9030967998 | Queen Victoria | had the longest reign in British history, had a strong sense of duty and moral respectability, her era was the peak of the British empire | 24 | |
| 9030967999 | Reform Bill of 1867 | when the Whig Prime Minister Palmerton died, the Tories stepped in and passed this Bill, it lowered monetary requirement for voting and was a move towards democratization, the amount of voter doubled, this was supposed to be a move to benefit the Conservatives but it only pushed for a win for the Liberals. | 25 | |
| 9030968000 | Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone | Disraeli was the Tory leader in the Parliament and pushed the Reform Bill of 1867 in an attempt to increase Conservative voters, but ultimately it failed. Gladstone was seen as the leader of the Liberals he opened civil service positions to be gained through examination, introduce secret ballot and tried to make elementary school avaliable for all. | 26 | |
| 9030968001 | Kansas-Nebraska Act | passed in 1854 this Act only caused further tension between the American North and South, it allowed these two territories to decide whether to be free or slave states by popular sovereignty it caused abolitionists and slave owners to rush into these states to try and win them over to their side it causes bloody fights and riots to break out | 27 | |
| 9030968002 | Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation | passed by President Lincoln on 1863 in the midst of the American Civil War it declared the slaves in the Confederate States of America to be freed but wasn't really put into place until after the war. | 28 | |
| 9030968003 | Dominion of Canada | Canada was split into an English speaking Upper and a French speaking lower, the Lower Canada demanded to be freed from Britain, to have a republic, universal male suffrage and freedom of press, these rebellions were crushed but with the American Civil War caused Britain to be fearful of such a war with Canada and Britain in 1867 established the Dominion of Canada, it had it's own constitution and ruled over its domestic affairs, while foreign policy was still dominated by Britain | 29 | |
| 9030968004 | the Communist Manifesto | written by German journalist and a German cotton manufacturer Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels these socialist revolutionaries decided to draft a novel off their ideas for their revolutionary group the Communist League, at its time of publishing it didn't get much press until modern times | 30 | |
| 9030968005 | Hegel's dialectic | a French socialist that inspired Marx's work he wrote a diabetic that states everything evolves and all historical change and development is the result of conflict between antagonists, Marx disagreed with this and said that history is determined by material forces | 31 | |
| 9030968006 | Bourgeoisie vs Proletariat | the main idea of the Communist Manifesto is that the bourgeoise rose out of the ruins of feudalism after they won over the feudal and aristocratic classes of the Middle Ages and now this struggle is revisited in between the Bourgeoise (industrial middle class) and the Proletariat (industrial working class) and that the struggle would be very close but the Proletariat would overthrow the Bourgeoisie and create a dictatorship and a classless society | 32 | |
| 9030968007 | Marx's Das Kapital | Marx's work after Communist Manifesto he only finished the first volume before his death but Engels completed and edited the rest | 33 | |
| 9030968008 | First International | the International Workingmen's Association it was an organization for working class and their interests Marx spent a lot of time working with this organization it disbanded in 1872 and was revived in 1889 | 34 | |
| 9030968009 | Louis Pasteur | a French Scientist he created the germ theory of disease which was that heat could kill bacteria and it had many practical applications in health care and saved many from sickness | 35 | |
| 9030968010 | Dmitri Mendeleyev | a Russian Chemist he classified all elements and made the foundation for periodic law and created the periodic table | 36 | |
| 9030968011 | Michael Faraday | an English Scientist he discovered electromagnetic induction, created a generator and set the stage for the use of electricity in coming decades | 37 | |
| 9030968012 | Charles Darwin | a prominent Scientist of his time he studied and surveyed the flora and fauna of South Pacific and America, he created the principle of natural selection, and wrote On the Origin of Species and The Descent of Man | 38 | |
| 9030968013 | On the Origin of Species | written by Charles Darwin it covered the theory of natural selection and evolution, he proposed that animals and plants evolved from simpler life forms over a long period of time due to survival of the fittest each flora or fauna that was best adapted to the enviro,ment survived | 39 | |
| 9030968014 | Survival of the Fittest | a theory by Charles Darwin from his work On The Origin of Species it states that organisms that are best attributed for their environment survived and pass down these genes to their offspring, the ones whose genes were not attributed to their environment died and became extinct | 40 | |
| 9030968015 | Joseph Lister | developed the antiseptic principle, after reading Pasteur's work he realized bacteria could enter through open wounds and cause infection he used carbolic acid to clean wounds and it eliminated infections during surgery | 41 | |
| 9030968016 | Elizabeth Blackwell | made a breakthrough for women in medicine, she was accidentally accepted into Geneva College of Medicine she was the first women to receive and M.D and open her own clinic | 42 | |
| 9030968017 | August Comte and "Positive Knowledge" | a sociologist in his work System of Positive Philosophy he created a system of knowledge the foundation was mathematics, built upon by physical science, earth science and biological science and the top of the pyramid was sociology which included psychology, economics, anthropology and history | 43 | |
| 9030968018 | Realism | was first used to describe a style of art, but became a literary style they rivaled Romanticism and rejected it they focused on observation and description, they wrote prose and novels, they focused on examining social questions | 44 | |
| 9030968019 | Gustave Flaubert's Madame Bovary | this was considered the quintessential Realist novel, written by a Frenchman it was a description of the dull life of a small town in France, it focuses on Emma Bovary a women trapped in a boring marriage, she attempts to seek love and entertainment in affairs, she felt unfulfilled and kills herself in the end, it showed the author's contempt for bourgeoise society | 45 | |
| 9030968020 | Charles Dickens | considered the greatest Realist novelist his novels focused on lower and middle classes in Britain's Industrial Age, his vivid descriptions of urban life entranced his readers | 46 | |
| 9030968021 | Gustave Courbet's The Stonebreakers | the most famous Realist artist his work focused on factory, workers, peasants and saloon keepers, in this work he shows two road workers breaking stones for a road, it showed an image of human misery and was rejected as ugly and harsh | 47 | |
| 9030968022 | Franz Liszt | a Hungarian composer he is a perfect example of the New German School of music, a child prodigy his compositions were mostly piano pieces, he invented the symphonic poem | 48 | |
| 9030968023 | Richard Wagner and Gesamtkunstwerk | a composer, writer and propagandist his work was the culmination of the Romantic era and his opera created a musical drama there was music, acting, dancing, poetry and scenic design he used leitmotiv in his work in which the singers voice harmonized with the line of orchestra his works were inspired by myths and epic tales | 49 |
