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| 7805281253 | Old Regime | Patterns of social, political, and economic relationships that had existed in France before 1789. Applies specifically to political absolutism. Characterized by scarcity of food, agriculture, slow travel, low iron production, unsophisticated financial institutions, and competitive overseas empires. People saw themselves as members of distinct corporal bodies. | 0 | |
| 7805281254 | Features of pre-revolutionary Europe | 1. Aristocratic elites possessing a wide variety of inherited legal privileges 2. Established churches intimately linked with the state and aristocracy 3. Urban labor force usually organized in guilds 4. Rural peasantry subject to high taxes and feudal dues | 1 | |
| 7805281255 | British Nobility | Smallest, wealthiest, best defined, and most socially responsible aristocracy in Europe. | 2 | |
| 7805281256 | peerage | Right to sit in the House of Lords and to inherit a father's land, reserved for eldest son. | 3 | |
| 7805281257 | French Nobility | Divided into groups: nobles of the sword, nobles of the robe, Hobereaux. Exempt from taxes. | 4 | |
| 7805281258 | nobles of the sword | Those whose nobility was derived from military service. | 5 | |
| 7805281259 | nobles of the robe | Those who acquired their titles either by serving in the bureaucracy or by having purchased them. | 6 | |
| 7805281260 | Hobereaux | Provincial nobility in France, often little better off than wealthy peasants. | 7 | |
| 7805281261 | taille | French land tax. | 8 | |
| 7805281262 | aristocratic resurgence | European-wide reaction by the nobility to maintain their status amidst the threat of expanding power of the monarchs. | 9 | |
| 7805281263 | How nobles protected their privileges | 1. Made nobility more exclusive 2. Reserved high positions 3. Used existing institutions to prevent spread of absolutism 4. Worked to gain further exemptions from taxation and imposing long-forgotten feudal dues on peasantry | 10 | |
| 7805281264 | land | Basis of status and power of the nobility. | 11 | |
| 7805281265 | Pugachev's Rebellion 1773-1775 | Peasant rebellion in Russia. Emelyan Pugachev promised serfs land of their own and freedom from their lords. Southern Russia was in turmoil until gov't brutally suppressed rebellion. | 12 | |
| 7805281266 | family economy | Pre-industrial European system in which the household was the basic unit of production and consumption. Predominated on the farms, in artisans' workshops, and in small merchant shops. | 13 | |
| 7805281267 | neolocalism | Process of moving away from home. Young men and women left home and eventually married and formed their own independent households. | 14 | |
| 7805281268 | Agricultural Revolution | Series of innovations in farm production that began in the Netherlands in the 18th century and led to a scientific and mechanized agriculture. | 15 | |
| 7805281269 | Jethro Tull | Englishman who improved farming by first using iron plows and planting wheat by drill. His methods allowed land to be cultivated for longer periods. | 16 | |
| 7805281270 | Charles "Turnip" Townshend | Englishman who taught fathers how to cultivate sandy soils and instituted the practice of "crop rotation" so there was no longer a need to leave a fallow field. | 17 | |
| 7805281271 | Robert Bakewell | New methods of animal breeding produced more and better animals and more milk and meat. | 18 | |
| 7805281272 | Arthur Young | Edited Annals of Agriculture, a collection of essays on cutting edge agricultural methods. | 19 | |
| 7805281273 | enclosures | The consolidation or fencing in of common lands by British landlords to increase production and achieve greater commercial profits. Exemplifies the introduction of capitalistic attitude of the urban merchant into the countryside. | 20 | |
| 7805281274 | Industrial Revolution | Era that instituted change and ideas that caused sustained economic growth of the western world through the present. Began in Britain in second half of 18th century. | 21 | |
| 7805281275 | Why industrialization began in Britain | - London = center of world fashion and taste - Social structure encouraged people to imitate lives of superiors - Good roads and waterways - Everyone paid the same taxes - Social mobility through hard work and wise decisions | 22 | |
| 7805281276 | domestic textile production/putting out | Method of producing textiles in which agents furnished raw materials to households whose members spun them into thread and then wove cloth, which the agents then sold as finished products. Basic unit of production in rural environments. | 23 | |
| 7805281277 | spinning jenny | Machine invented in England by James Hargreaves to mass-produce thread. | 24 | |
| 7805281278 | water frame | Water-powered device invented by Richard Arkwright to produce a more durable cotton fabric. Led to the shift in the production of cotton textiles from households to factories. | 25 | |
| 7805281279 | power loom | Supplied power source for machine weaving. Invented by Edmund Cartwright. | 26 | |
| 7805281280 | steam engine | Used steam power to run textile machinery and factories could be easily located in urban areas. First source of steady and unlimited supply of inanimate power ever in human history. Invented by James Watt, perfected by Thomas Newcomen. | 27 | |
| 7805281281 | Henry Court | Created a new method for melting and stirring molten ore, which extracted more impurities from the molten metal and led to a higher quality of iron. Also created a rolling mill. | 28 | |
| 7805281282 | Priscilla Wakefield | Wrote Reflections on the Present Condition of the Female Sex because she believed the number of jobs available to women were limited. | 29 | |
| 7805281283 | bourgeoisie | Middle-class group comprised of prosperous merchants, tradespeople, bankers, and other professionals. | 30 | |
| 7805281284 | artisans | Largest group in any city. | 31 | |
| 7805281285 | bread riots | Conflicts often sparked by a baker or grain merchant who announced a price that was considered unjust. | 32 | |
| 7805281286 | Gordon riots | Violence that erupted after Lord George Gordon announced an imaginary plot by Catholics after the gov't relieved military recruits from having to take anti-Catholic oaths. | 33 | |
| 7805281287 | ghettos | Separate communities in which Jews were required by law to live. | 34 |
