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| 884542934 | What was the purpose of the English Statute of Laborers of 1351? | control of wages and prices | |
| 884542935 | The English govt put in the English Statute of Laborers at the request of what group of its citizens? | upper classes | |
| 884542936 | What two nations fought in the Hundred Years War? | England and France | |
| 884542937 | What two things did the "Unam Sanctum" say? | >No salvation outside the Roman Church >Everyone subject to the Pontiff | |
| 884542938 | What was the Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy and what was the Great Schism of the West? | >Babylonian Captivity: Pope moved to France >Great Schism: Time when there was two or three popes in Avignon & Rome | |
| 884542939 | The work "Piers Plowman" was written by what English cleric? | William Langland | |
| 884542940 | William Langland, the Lollards, John Wycliff & John Huss all shared the same outlook on religion. What was that outlook? | >were disillusioned with the Church and its hypocrisy >the Church might not be the true or only way to salvation >the true Church could do without elaborate possessions >devout persons could do without priests and obtain salvation by reading the Bible | |
| 884542941 | What was the basic purpose or goal of the Conciliar Movement? | to have a council that was really in charge of the Church, lessening the power of the pope over the Church | |
| 884542942 | What did the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges do? | >French Catholic Church independent from Rome in administration & appointment of French prelates >Fr Church declared supremacy of councils over popes >declared its administrative independence from Holy See >suppressed payment of annates to Rome >Forbade papal involvement in the appointment of French prelates | |
| 884542943 | What did the Renaissance Italians mean by their concept of "Virtù"? | a man who knew what he was doing, who from the resources within himself made the best use of his opportunities, hewing his way through the world and excelling in all that he did | |
| 884542944 | What was the importance of Lorenzo Valla's founding of textual criticism on the papacy? | Donation of Constantine document was proven a forgery | |
| 884542945 | What was the purpose of sending your son for a secondary education? | prepare the boy for either university or life | |
| 884542946 | List any three (3) things a gentleman should know, do, or how he should act according to Castiglieone's "Book of the Courtier" | >should have learned how to mixing agreeably in the company of his equals >clothes neat >movements graceful >approach to other people perfectly poised >converse with facility >proficient in sports and arms >know Latin & Greek >know how to dance and appreciate music >be familiar with literary and other subjects but not be too engrossed >speak with "a certain carelessness, to hide his art and sow that what he days or does come from him without effort or deliberation >consideration for the feelings of others, incorporating some of the moral ideals of the humanists, aiming at a creditable life in active society | |
| 884542947 | Who are condottieri AND why do they exist? | >Condottieri are hired, professional fighting men >exist because in Italy, the merchants and wealthy in the city states were not interested in fighting for themselves when threatened by others, so they had to hire these condottieri mercenary soldiers | |
| 884542948 | Machiavelli wrote what famous Renaissance book? | "The Prince" | |
| 884542949 | In this above work, what does Machiavelli say makes effective rulers and governments effective? | >effective rulers/govts act only in their political interest: make/break treaties, be merciful or ruthless, be forthright or sly, be peaceable or aggressive according to their own needs | |
| 884542950 | In this work, how does Machiavelli deal with the connection between religion and government? | >he emancipated theology & moral philosophy from politics; separated the two | |
| 884542951 | Sir Thomas More, author of "Utopia", was a northern humanist. What nation was he from? | England | |
| 884542952 | Northern humanists Rabelais and John Calvin were from what nation? | France | |
| 884542953 | This invention by Johan Gutenburg in 1450 would have the unforeseen impact of becoming the most influential entity in the spreading of Protestantism to the peasant populations in the 16th century, and giving lifeblood to the Protestant Reformation at all economic levels. What did Gutenburg invent? | >movable-type printing >the modern printing press | |
| 884542954 | Who were the Fuggers, where do you find them, AND what business are they in? | A family line in Germany that was in banking | |
| 884542955 | What work did Northern Humanist and mystic Thomas à Kempis write? | "Imitation of Christ" | |
| 884542956 | In the Northern Renaissance, the Germans also led the way in laying the path towards the Protestant Reformation with mysticism. What is the basic idea of mysticism? | >the belief that the individual soul could in perfect solitude commune directly with God >the mystic had no need of reason, words, of joining with others in open worship, of the sacraments administered by the priests, or even the church >all social institutions were transcended in mysticism by the individual soul | |
| 884542957 | Gerard Groote, a lay preacher in the Netherlands, established the Sisters and the Brothers of the Common Life. What was this group all about? | >worked at relief for the poor and education of children, both boys and girls >brothers & "nuns" who lived communally but didn't take vows, wore ordinary clothing, free to leave at will | |
| 884542958 | In "Praise of Folly" and "Handbook of a Christian Knight" were two works written by this famous Northern Renaissance humanist writer. Who was he? | Erasmus of Rotterdam | |
| 884542959 | The New Monarchies were able to establish themselves because the kings quit following common law and began following law based on what? | Roman Law | |
| 884542960 | What was the purpose for the star chamber in England's Henry VII's time? | new court to deal with disputes where ordinary citizens would not be intimidated about accusing higher-ups of breaking the law | |
| 884542961 | In France, the "New Monarchy" was established by Louis XI of the Valois line of dynasty. Like the other "New Monarchs" in England and Spain, Louis took actions to help solidify his position and control. List any two (2) actions taken by Louis to achieve this. | >rounded out France's border >subdued rebellions >built up royal army >raised taxes without Estates General interference >suppressed brigands >Concordat of Bologna rescinded the Pragmatic Sanction of Bourges reestablishing annates going to the pope, in exchange Pope continued to allow Fr kings to name bishops and abbots | |
| 884542962 | When talking about the New Monarchy of Spain, Spain had a few things different in how it was a "New Monarchy" when compared to either France or England. Name any two (2) of the ways Spain's new monarchy was different. | >no real kingdom >Aragon & Castile didn't unite politically >no nationalism >sense of Catholicism was the only common feeling throughout Spain >Spanish inquisition was the one common institution in both Spanish kingdoms >kingdom had 2 monarchs but no common judicial, political, or administrative institutions | |
| 884542963 | In what year was the Spanish reconquista completed and the issuance of the decree to expel the Jews? | 1492 | |
| 884542964 | Who were the Moriscos & Marranos and where would you find them? | >Moriscos were Christians of Moorish background in Spain >Marranos were Christians of Jewish background in Spain | |
| 884542965 | The Holy Roman Empire had basically 4 category types of membership for the states of the Empire. Name two (2) of the four (4) kinds of states. | > princely >ecclesiastical >imperial free cities >imperial knights | |
| 884542966 | Unlike other rulers of Europe, the Holy Roman Emperor was elected by the nobility of the Empire, thereby making it a weak monarchy compared to the rest of Europe where monarchies were hereditary. After the year 1356, how many states were involved in the election process of electing the Holy Roman Emperor? | 7 | |
| 884542967 | "Bella gerunt alii; tu, felix Austria, nubes" or "where others have to fight wars, you, fortunate Austria, marry." What does this mean? | whereas other nations fight wars to win land and expand their nation, Austria's royal family marries off its members to expand the land | |
| 884542968 | Because of his inheritances of lands and thrones from his four grandparents, the most powerful ruler of the time of the Protestant Reformation, who held the titles of Holy Roman Emperor, King of Spain, and Emperor of Austria, was whom? | Charles V Hapsburg | |
| 884542969 | What hereditary family did Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian and his grandson Charles V come from, and what was the home country of this family? | >Habsburg >Austria | |
| 884542970 | What did Luther mean by his idea "justification by faith alone"? | what "justifies" a man is not what the church knew as works, ie 'prayer, alms, the sacraments, holy living' but rather "faith alone, an inward bent of spirit given to each soul directly by God | |
| 884542971 | How did Luther view 'good works' and 'grace'? | >Good works were a consequence and external evidence of its inner grace but in no way its cause >a man did not 'earn' grace by doing good, he did the good because he possessed the grace of God | |
| 884542972 | What was Friar Tetzel doing that inspired Martin Luther to write an academic response that ended up being the opening shot of the Protestant reformation? | Tetzel was selling indulgences to raise money for the building of St. Peter's in Rome | |
| 884542973 | What is the name of the document Martin Luther nailed to the church door of Wittenburg to show his disapproval at the pope's sale of indulgences to pay for the building of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome? | 95 Theses | |
| 884542974 | In the above document Martin Luther wrote, he states that the sacrament of penance, after the person has confessed their sins to the priest, the sinner is freed not by the priest's absolution but rather by what? | by inner grace and faith alone because the priesthood performed no necessary function in the relation between man and God | |
| 884542975 | Through a series of tracts published in Germany in 1519 & 1520, Martin Luther set out the core basic beliefs of what becomes the religion of Lutheranism. List any two of these beliefs. | >the Catholic claim that the clergy to be different from the laity was wrong >demanded that monasticism be eliminated >urged people to find Christian truth in the bible for themselves, and find it only in the Bible and nowhere else >denounced the reliance on fasts, pilgrimages, saints and Masses >rejected belief in purgatory >clergy can and should marry >reduces the 7 Sacraments to 2 -baptism and the communion >invited the princes of Germany to assume control over religion >rejected transubstantiation for consubstantiation, saying that somehow God was mysteriously present in the bread and wine but the bread and wine didn't transform into the body and blood of Christ | |
| 884542976 | What was the "Diet of Worms"? | it was the meeting of the Empire's legislature (diet) in the city of Worms that Holy Roman Emperor Charles V called into meeting to bring to arrest Martin Luther for his heretical beliefs | |
| 884542977 | What was Martin Luther's view on the German Peasant Revolt of 1524 or his view on the relationship between church and state? | >crush the revolt >good Christians should be obedient to the state/established authority; Lutheranism held the state in religious awe as an almost-sacred institution itself | |
| 884542978 | Because of the way the peasants had combined his religious revolution with their wishes for an economic revolution, Martin Luther began to rethink and revise his religious tone a bit, making it more conservative. List any one of the tweeks he made to Lutheranism after the German Peasant Revolt of 1524. | >restricted the right of private judgment in matters of conscience >made a larger place for an established clergy as teachers over the laity >that while Christian liberty was an internal freedom purely spiritual known only to God, in worldly matters good Christians owe their allegiance and perfect obedience to established authority; that good Lutherans are subservient to the state | |
| 884542979 | The War of the Schmalkaldic League, a war of religion and civil war among the various states of the Holy Roman Empire, ended in 1555 with the Peace of Augsburg. What were the basic terms/ideas of this treaty in two ways: the religion of the individual states within the Holy Roman Empire and the religion of the individual citizens in each state of the Empire? | >ruler makes the religion for his state -Lutheranism or Catholic >individual has no choice, if you were Catholic in a now-Lutheran state, you are now Lutheran and are no longer Catholic | |
| 884542980 | The Peace of Augsburg of 1555, ending the War of the Schmalkaldic League, also addressed the problem of ecclesiastical changes of ownership of lands with what is known as the Ecclesiastical Reservation. What does this Ecclesiastical Reservation stipulate? | any Catholic bishop or other Catholic churchman who turned Lutheran from 1552 onward cannot carry that church-owed territory with him; he is to turn Lutheran as an individual and move away, leaving the land and its inhabitants Catholic | |
| 884542981 | Who wrote "Institutes of the Christian Religion"? | John Calvin | |
| 884542982 | How did John Calvin view the Last Supper and the Catholic idea of transubstantiation and Luther's idea of consubstantiation? | Calvin rejected transubstantiation and disagreed with Luther's consubstantiation by saying the Last Supper part of church services is just a symbolic reenactment of Jesus' actions | |
| 884542983 | Calvinism varied greatly from Lutheranism on two concepts: 1) predestination & 2)relationship of religion and the state. Explain John Calvin's ideas of Predestination or his view on the relationship between Calvinism and the State. | >Predestination: God predetermined a selected few to go to heaven, all others condemned to hell, so what you do on the planet to "live a good life" has no bearing on getting into heaven >Calvinists refused to recognize the subordination of church to the state; in fact, Calvinists insisted that the elect should Christianize the state; remake society in the image of a religious community | |
| 884542984 | John Calvin's idea of Predestination will later on in history be used to explain the "Protestant work ethic and the spirit of capitalism," the thesis of the historian Max Weber. Weber's thesis makes the connection of why so many hard-working, God-fearing people were on the boats from England that built the Puritan-run, economically successful Massachusetts Bay Colony in North America. Why is Weber able to make this connection made between Calvin's Predestination idea and the group that becomes known as the Puritans? | Weber states that Calvin said that a person could feel in his own mind that he was among the Saved if, throughout all trials and temptations, he persisted in a saintly life. Thus the idea of predestination became a challenge to unrelenting effort, a sense of burning conviction, an unrelenting effort which would be manifested in hard-working businessmen | |
| 884542985 | What European city became the "Protestant Rome" because of John Calvin? | Geneva, Switzerland | |
| 884542986 | Who brought Calvinism/Presbyterianism to Scotland? | John Knox |
